Need is defined as the specific need of the acting subject in the totality of the surrounding circumstances of his existence, attachment to external conditions, proceeding from his personal nature. This essential link in the system of relations with other people is the cause of human life. Needs extend to the entire sphere of social, material and organic life, indicating the close relationship between these concepts.
Manifestation of need
The need is manifested in the selective attitude of the individual to the existing conditions of the external world and is a dynamic and cyclical quantity. Primary needs relate to biological needs, in addition, a person feels the need to stay in society. The peculiarity of the need is such that it is an internal motivation and incentive for activity, but at the same time, work becomes the subject of necessity.
At the same time, engaging in a business creates new needs, as certain means and costs are needed to translate what was conceived into reality.
Community needs
A society in which human needs are not developed and reproduced is doomed to degradation. The needs of people in different eras correspond to the spirit of entrepreneurship and development, reflect discontent and despair, express collectivism, a common faith in subsequent affairs, generalize people's aspirations, claims, requiring periodic satisfaction. The ratio of primary and secondary needs is formed not only in terms of social status, but under the influence of the accepted way of life, the level of spiritual development, the diversity of social and psychological groups in society.
Without satisfying basic needs, society cannot exist, engage in the reproduction of social values at the level of historical and cultural standards. The urgent needs for moving, communicating, possessing information require the development of transport, means of communication, and educational institutions from society. People care about satisfying primary and secondary needs.
Types of needs
Human needs are so diverse that their generalization in different categories requires classification according to several criteria:
- in importance share primary needs and secondary;
- according to the grouping of subjects, collective, individual, social and group are distinguished;
- according to the choice of direction they are divided into ethical, material, aesthetic and spiritual;
- if possible, there are ideal and real needs;
- by areas of activity, they highlight the desire to work, physical rest, communication and economic areas;
- according to the way of satisfying the needs, they are divided into economic, requiring limited material resources for production and non-economic (the need for air, sun, water).
Primary needs
This category includes innate physiological needs, without which a person cannot exist physically. These include the desire to eat and drink, the need to breathe clean air, regular sleep, the satisfaction of sexual desires.
Primary needs exist at the genetic level, and secondary ones arise with an increase in life experience
Secondary needs
They have a psychological nature, they include the desire to be a successful, respected member of society, the emergence of affection. Primary and secondary needs differ in that the failure to satisfy the desires of the second category does not lead the individual to physical death. Secondary aspirations are divided into ideal, social and spiritual.
Social needs
In this category of desires, the need to communicate with other individuals, to prove oneself in social activities, to receive general recognition prevails. This includes the desire to belong to a certain circle or social group, to occupy not the last place in it. These desires develop in a person in connection with his own subjective ideas about the structure of this layer of society.
Ideal needs
This group includes aspirations to develop independently, manifested in the desire to receive new information, explore it and navigate in society. The need to study the surrounding reality leads to an awareness of the place in the modern world, knowledge of the meaning of life, leads to an understanding of one’s purpose and existence. Intertwined with ideal primary needs and spiritual desires, which represent the desire for creative activity and the realization of the beautiful.
Spiritual aspirations
Spiritual interests develop in a person in connection with the desire to make life experience richer, broaden their horizons, and develop creative abilities.
The growth of personal potential makes an individual not only interested in the culture of humanity, but also take care of representing the values of his own civilization. Spiritual aspirations suggest an increase in psychological stress during emotional experiences, awareness of the value of the chosen ideological goal.
A person with spiritual interests enhances mastery and strives for high results in the field of activity and creativity. The individual relates to work not only as a means of enrichment, but learns his own personality through work. Spiritual, biological and social needs are closely intertwined. Unlike the animal world, in human society the primary is the need for biological existence, but it is gradually turning into a social one.
The nature of the human person is multifaceted, hence the diversity of kinds of needs. The manifestation of aspirations in various social and natural conditions makes their classification and division into groups difficult. Many researchers offer different distinctions, putting motivation at the forefront.
Classification of needs of a different order
Primary human needs are divided into:
- physiological, which are the existence and reproduction of offspring, food, respiration, shelter, sleep and other needs of the body;
- existential needs, which are a desire to provide comfort and safety of living, work for benefits, confidence in future life.
Secondary needs acquired during the course of life are divided into:
- social aspirations to get connections in society, have friendly and personal attachments, take care of relatives, gain attention to oneself, participate in joint projects and activities;
- prestigious desires (to respect oneself, to receive recognition from others, to achieve success, high awards, to advance on the career ladder);
- spiritual - the need to express oneself, to realize one’s creative potential.
Classification of desires by A. Maslow
If you find out that a person has a need for shelter, food and a healthy lifestyle, then you will determine the primary need. Need makes an individual strive to obtain vital benefits or change an undesirable position (disrespect, shame, loneliness, danger). The need is expressed in motivation, which, depending on the level of development of the individual, takes on a specific and definite form.
Primary needs include physiological needs, for example, procreation, the desire to drink water, breathe, etc. A person wants to protect himself and his family from enemies, help them in the treatment of diseases, and protect them from poverty. The desire to get into a certain social group redirects the researcher into another category - social needs. In addition to these aspirations, the individual wants to be liked by others and requires a respectful attitude.
Human needs are constantly changing, in the process of human evolution, a revision of motivation is gradually taking place. E. Engel’s law states that the demand for low-quality food products decreases as income rises. At the same time, there is an increase in demand for food products that require higher quality while improving the standard of human life.
Motive of behavior
The existence of needs is judged by the affairs of man and his behavior. Needs and aspirations relate to such a value that cannot be directly measured and observed. Researchers in the field of psychology have determined that some needs motivate the individual to act. The sense of need makes a person act to satisfy needs.
Motivation is defined as the lack of something that turns into a certain direction of action, and the person concentrates on achieving the result. Result in its final manifestation means a means to satisfy desire. If you achieve a certain goal, then this may mean complete satisfaction, partial or incomplete. Then determine the ratio of primary and secondary needs and try to change the direction of the search, while leaving your motivation the same.
The amount of satisfaction received as a result of the activity leaves a mark in the memory and determines the behavior of the individual in the future in similar circumstances. A person repeats those actions that caused the satisfaction of primary needs, and does not perform actions leading to the failure to fulfill his plan. This law is called the law of result.
Managers in modern society model situations that allow people to feel satisfaction through behaviors that are beneficial to them. For example, a person in the process of production activity should present the completion of work in the form of a meaningful result. If you build the technological process in such a way that the individual will not see the final result of the work, this will lead to the disappearance of interest in activities, violation of discipline and truancy. This rule requires the administration to develop the manufacturing sector so that technology does not conflict with human needs.
Interests
The interests of a person can be manifested as direct and indirect. For example, the interest shown by each student in certain aspects of his thesis, calculations, drawings is indirect. While the immediate interest can be considered the protection of a fully formalized work. In addition, interests are negative and positive.
Conclusion
Some people have few interests, their circle is limited only by material needs, therefore, the characteristic of a person is determined by the desires of a person and the degree of his development. The interests of the banking leader may not coincide with the aspirations of, for example, the artist, writer, peasant and other people. How many people in the world, so many different needs, needs, aspirations and desires arise in them.