Any deviations in the acid-base state of the body indicate the development of a pathological process. A study of the gas composition of the blood is prescribed, as a rule, if there is a suspicion of a patient having respiratory diseases or in case of metabolic failures. The results of repeated analyzes allow you to track the dynamics and evaluate the effectiveness of the prescribed therapy.
What does blood show at KHS
Liquid connective tissue is one of the main components of the human body. It continuously circulates through it, supplying all cells with oxygen. In addition, it is directly involved in the removal of harmful compounds from the body. Its updating is also an ongoing process.
It is important to know that a CSF blood test is such a study, based on the results of which the doctor can judge the work of the body as a whole. One clinically relevant indicator is the pH level. This value is stable. With its deviations up or down, the doctor may suspect a malfunction in the processes responsible for the formation of this indicator.
With violations of acid-base balance, a person ages very quickly. At the same time, there is a significant weakening of the body's defenses, due to which various diseases often develop. With untimely treatment, serious pathologies can occur that are practically not treatable.
In addition to pH, the main indicators of blood acid-base ratio are:
- pCO 2. Reflects the partial tension of carbon dioxide in the fluid connective tissue. It is determined without access of air. Based on this indicator, one can judge the degree of functioning of the respiratory system.
- RAO 2. This is the partial pressure of oxygen in a gaseous medium, which is balanced with blood.
- P A O 2. This is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolar air.
- TCO 2 . This indicator reflects the total concentration of carbon dioxide, that is, absolutely all its forms.
- AB. True bicarbonate rate. Its deviation in one direction or another occurs with respiratory disorders.
- SB. This is standard bicarbonate. Allows you to assess the severity of disorders in metabolic processes.
- BE. Excess or deficiency of non-carboxylic acids. This is a value showing the amount of strong base that is needed to normalize the pH.
- BE-ecf. Excess or deficiency of bases calculated for extracellular fluid.
- BB The total indicator of protein anions and bicarbonate ions.
- CaO 2. This is the oxygen capacity of the blood.
- CtO2. The indicator reflecting the actual oxygen content in the fluid connective tissue.
- DA-aO 2. An indicator on the basis of which it is possible to judge the diffusion ability of the lungs and the volume of shunt blood flow.
- SpO 2 . This is the ratio of oxygenated to total hemoglobin fractions.
If you suspect the development of certain diseases, the doctor prescribes a study of the acid-base balance of the fluid connective tissue.
Indications
The doctor should be consulted if there are disturbing symptoms that indicate a violation of the digestive system, kidneys, liver and lungs, as well as with frequent episodes of exacerbation of existing pathologies of a chronic nature. If, at the same time, a person literally grows old before his eyes, this indicates a violation of the ACS of the blood.
The analysis of the gas composition is assigned to:
- detection of various pathologies at an early stage of their development;
- evaluating the effectiveness of a previously established treatment regimen.
Based on the results of the study, the doctor can also judge the degree of general condition of the body.
Preparation
When prescribing a blood glucose analysis, the specialist talks about some of the rules that you must follow before putting the biomaterial. The doctor should inform the patient that in most cases, puncture of the artery is performed. The subject should be prepared for painful or uncomfortable sensations at the site of the puncture of the blood vessel.
It is recommended to rest for half an hour immediately before taking biomaterial. A stable physical condition is the key to obtaining the most informative result, especially for people suffering from severe forms of respiratory failure.
Correction of the regimen and diet is not required.
Features of biomaterial sampling
To assess the acid-base state of the body, blood is needed:
- Arterial.
- Venous
- Capillary.
Arterial blood is the most suitable biomaterial for evaluating the gas composition. This is due to the fact that her study allows you to more fully evaluate the degree of lung function.
Types of Access:
- Puncture of the radial artery. The method is considered the simplest. After it, the risk of developing a hematoma is less than 1%. Radial artery puncture is not performed with pronounced atherosclerosis in this area, as well as with a negative Allen test. The latter is carried out as follows: the patient needs to squeeze and unclench his fist several times until the skin of the brush turns pale, after which the vessel is pinched. If the natural color of the cover is restored in less than 5 seconds, this is considered the norm. A longer process indicates a violation of blood flow.
- Puncture of the femoral artery. Disadvantages of the method: high risk of loss of fluid connective tissue, thrombosis, ischemia of the hand, vessel occlusion, complications of an infectious nature. The biomaterial is not taken in the presence of a vascular prosthesis in this area, with aneurysm and thrombosis of a local nature, taking anticoagulants. The complexity of the method lies in the fact that it is not always possible to carry out an artery puncture on the first attempt.
The concentration of carbon dioxide, which is the final product of metabolism in tissues, in the venous blood is higher. In this case, the amount of oxygen, on the contrary, is lower. If you conduct an analysis of venous blood venous blood corns, it becomes possible to evaluate the rate of systemic metabolism. The fence is rarely carried out from the peripheral vessels, since the result of such a study is not clinically significant. The most common puncture of the pulmonary artery.
During blood sampling on KShchS (if it is carried out from a vessel of a limb) the tourniquet is never imposed. This is due to the fact that against the background of a violation of local blood circulation, the result of the study is significantly distorted and becomes uninformative.
If biomaterial is taken from a catheter placed in a central vein, the doctor should avoid the channel through which electrolytes and glucose are introduced. In this case, the acid-base blood pressure will also be considered uninformative due to falsely high rates.
According to the gas composition, capillary liquid connective tissue is closer to arterial. Nevertheless, her analysis is considered the least informative. Its sampling is carried out, as a rule, in the case when it is necessary to evaluate the main indicators of the acid-base state of blood in newborns.
Interpretation of Results
The pH should be analyzed initially. This is due to the fact that this indicator is the main among clinically significant. Deciphering the acid-base blood test in adults is carried out by the therapist and hematologist. The norm is considered if the indicator is in the range of 7.36-7.45. With a slight deviation up or down, it is customary to talk about violations in the body. If the indicator rises or falls significantly, death occurs.
In children, the hematologist and pediatrician are involved in deciphering the acid-base blood test. For babies, the norm is from 7.29 to 7.38.
Also the diagnostically important values are:
- The partial tension of carbon dioxide. In most cases, arterial blood sampling is performed. The norm for children is from 27 to 40 mm Hg. Art., for men - from 35 to 48, for women - from 32 to 45. If venous blood acted as biological material, these indicators are 6-7 units higher (this is not considered a deviation).
- Standard bicarbonates. The norm for arterial blood (whole) is from 18 to 23 mmol / L, venous plasma - from 22 to 29 mmol / L.
With a decrease in indicators, it is customary to talk about acidosis, an increase - alkalosis.
What could have a negative impact on the acid base
If the doctor found deviations in the process of deciphering the blood test for KHS, he should clarify whether the patient was taking the biomaterial in a calm state, and also find out what other factors could provoke a distortion of the results.
Negative impact on indicators have:
- unbalanced diet, excessive passion for junk food;
- living in a region with an unfavorable environmental situation;
- frequent use of alcohol-containing drinks;
- smoking;
- prolonged exposure to stress;
- improperly organized daily routine.
In the presence of one or more of the factors listed above, the doctor may prescribe a second blood-sugar analysis.
Self-determination of acid-base condition
It is important to understand that the information content of laboratory research is as high as possible. It is carried out with the help of modern automatic analyzers of blood gases , KHS, electrolytes and glucose. If for some reason the patient often needs to donate blood, he can buy a special device in the pharmacy and regularly use it to evaluate the pH value.
The principle of operation of the device is as follows: it has 2 electrodes, when placed in a drop of liquid connective tissue, an electromotive force arises. After a minute analysis, the pH meter produces an accurate result.
The device can be analog or digital. In the first case, such models are considered obsolete and are rarely used by patients in practice. Digital pH meters are modern devices that have not only a convenient interface, but also a built-in prompt system and memory, so you do not need to record the result every time on paper.
In pharmacies and companies involved in the sale of medical equipment, you can purchase both stationary and portable devices. Thus, the patient can install a pH meter at home or buy a device that is not tied to a specific place and easily transported.
Alkalosis and acidosis
It is customary to talk about these conditions in the case when, when deciphering the ACS of venous blood or arterial, the doctor found deviations.
Alkalosis is a pathology characterized by an increase in the level of key indicators. This condition leads to the following negative consequences:
- Violation of the process of digestion of food.
- Deficiency of vital minerals.
- The entry into the blood of a large number of toxic compounds.
Over time, the pathology progresses. The lack of timely treatment leads to diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, severe allergic reactions, dermatological ailments.
In addition, if the patient has chronic pathologies, against the background of alkalosis, they will rapidly progress.
Reasons for increasing pH:
- Failure of the cardiovascular system.
- Staying long under stress.
- Diseases, the course of which is accompanied by frequent episodes of vomiting.
- Overweight.
- Unbalanced diet.
If during the analysis of the acid-base blood test, a deviation of the indicators from the norm to a lower side is revealed, it is customary to talk about acidosis. This is the condition that is considered the most life-threatening. Its insidiousness lies in the fact that at the initial stages of development, the disease is not accompanied by any alarming symptoms.
As the disease progresses, the following symptoms occur:
- The amount of sugar in the blood rises sharply.
- Frequent episodes of lack of air, feelings of suffocation.
- Persistent nausea.
- State of shock.
If the indicators are reduced significantly, the blood acidifies. In case of untimely intervention of doctors, a fatal outcome inevitably occurs. The danger is that disturbing symptoms occur, as a rule, when the pH level has dropped to critical values.
The main causes of acidosis are diabetes and excessive consumption of alcohol-containing drinks. Against the background of the course of pathology, there is a lack of vital vitamins and minerals in the body. In addition, each cell begins to suffer from a lack of oxygen.
As a result, the patient develops the following diseases and pathological conditions:
- Malignant neoplasms.
- General malaise.
- Rapid loss of performance.
- Diseases of the genitourinary system.
- Fragility of bones.
- Pathology of muscle tissue.
- Diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
- Obesity.
- Diabetes.
- Pathology of the musculoskeletal system.
In addition, against the background of acidosis, the body's defenses are significantly weakened, due to which the patient often suffers from various diseases.
All methods of treatment of the above deviations are to eliminate the underlying disease and normalize the indicators of acid-base condition. Important methods of therapy are: taking medications, breathing exercises.
Prevention
In order to prevent deviations from the norm, the indicators of KShchS, it is necessary to follow the principles of a healthy lifestyle. It is important to adjust the diet and diet, subject the body to moderate physical exertion and rest regularly.
On the recommendation of a doctor, you can drink medicinal alkaline water, which has a beneficial effect on the composition of the blood.
Finally
The acid-base condition of liquid connective tissue is an important indicator of the health of the body. Any deviations up or down indicate the presence of pathology.
The study does not require special preparation, the main condition is that the patient should be in a state of complete calm. The biomaterial can be taken both from arteries and from veins and capillaries. Moreover, in the first case, the result is as informative as possible. A deviation to a greater extent indicates alkylosis, to a lesser extent - acidosis.