Several factors affect the formation of blood vessel tone. First of all, it is formed by internal pressure on the walls. The second factor is external vascular nervous regulation. Together, these processes are combined into the concept of blood pressure. For healthy people, there is an official standard - 120/80. But in reality, values are not static. These indicators are plastic and vary slightly every second.
Upper and lower blood pressure
The first indicator reflects the intensity of blood pressure on the vascular walls in the process of heart contraction. In this case, they speak of an upper or systolic pressure. It shows how the muscle of the heart contracts. The formation of systolic pressure occurs with the participation of large vessels, such as, for example, the aorta. Normal values are in the range of 120-130 mm. The indicators depend on several factors: the extensibility of the vascular walls, the stroke volume in the left ventricle, the maximum rate of expulsion.
Diastolic (lower) pressure is determined by relaxing the cardiac muscle. Normal values are also set for it - from 80 to 85 mm. Diastolic pressure reflects the resistance that the blood experiences when passing through the vessels. Its formation occurs at the time of closure of the aortic valve. At this time, blood cannot flow back into the heart, and it, in turn, is filled with blood enriched with oxygen, for subsequent contraction.
The mathematical difference between the upper and lower pressure is called the "pulse rate". Normally, the level is in the range of 30-40 mm. However, experts pay attention to the fact that the general condition of a person is of great importance. Regardless of the numbers, everyone can have an individual pressure.
Working blood pressure
This term is used by cardiologists when designating such indicators with which a person feels normal. Not necessarily this will be a traditional and generally accepted norm. With blood pressure of 120 per 80 people, they are called "normotonic." Those with a value all the time within 140/90 are considered hypertensive. At the same time, people feel good. If the indicators are within ninety to sixty, then this condition is defined as hypotension.
But for some people, such indicators are considered the norm. The value of the upper and lower pressure, deviating from the classical, is not always a sign of any pathologies. So, for example, athletes who have stopped intense exercise have working hypotension. Moreover, such a general state of health of these people is quite satisfactory.
Should deviations of indicators be eliminated?
What pressure the upper and lower will become normal for a person, largely depends on his lifestyle, the presence or absence of bad habits, diet, stress. In practice, cases of stabilization of indications to normal without taking medications are known. It was enough to eliminate errors in the diet, change activity.
It should be said that modern physicians are moving away from the use of a “pharmacological adjustment” of blood pressure to previous standards. Doctors recognize, and this is proved by numerous observations, that a person can feel great with deviations in numbers from the standards. So, for older people characterized by high blood pressure. However, in this case, the values are generally static, which does not have a significant negative effect on the state of people aged. In this case, according to doctors, taking antihypertensive drugs is unjustified and inappropriate. Based on the experience of past years, experts come to the conclusion that a forced change in tone only contributes to loosening of the cardiovascular system.
What can HELL say?
An important role in assessing the general condition of the patient is played by the pulse pressure difference. Between the upper and lower pressure should be a figure in the range of 40-50. This indicator is considered optimal. However, a wider range is allowed — from 30 to 50. The heart rate may be small. High lower pressure and high upper indicate heart congestion. At the same time, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) is noted. This suggests that the body is working for wear. A large difference in pressure indicates, on the contrary, slowed-down heart activity.
Bradycardia, developing in this condition, provokes tissue hypoxia and central nervous system. In other words, with a pulse rate greater than 50, the heart muscle is very tense during blood pumping. This can lead to its rapid wear.
If a different pressure difference is noted (between the upper and lower pressure is less than 30), this indicates muscle weakness. In this regard, insufficient oxygen is supplied to the tissues. Hypoxia primarily affects brain activity: patients experience fainting, nausea, and dizziness.
It should be noted that in the process of measuring pressure, some devices (electronic in particular) can give errors. Experts recommend (for accuracy) the use of mechanical tonometers. Indicators are taken first with one then with the second hand. There is a permissible pressure difference. Between the upper and lower pressure, the difference in indicators on one and the second hand should be no more than ten units.
Some rules for measuring blood pressure
Half an hour before the procedure, you must give up food, smoking, exercise. Temperature differences should also be excluded. Just before taking measurements, you need to relax, sit quietly for several minutes. The patient should be in a sitting position, and his back should have support. This is due to the fact that any load is accompanied by an immediate increase in blood pressure.
In a horizontal position, the arm is placed along the body, while it should be slightly raised to the mid-chest line (you can put something, a pillow for example). It is not recommended to talk and make sudden movements during the measurement process.
Reasons why pressure differences may appear
The differences between the upper and lower pressures, as mentioned above, can be insignificant, but can be significant. In both cases, this adversely affects the human condition. Minor deviations in numbers are most often the result of a disturbance in the emotional background.
High lower pressure and high upper indicate insufficient vascular elasticity, myocardial expansion, atherosclerosis, which, in turn, provokes a lot of negative consequences. With an increase in pulse rate, a decrease in perfusion cerebral pressure always occurs. This is the name of the force responsible for pushing blood through the vessels of the brain. This condition, in turn, causes hypoxia.
Symptoms of a drop in blood pressure
A significant difference in pressure (between the upper and lower pressure deviation from 50 units) is considered by specialists as a rather dangerous symptom. In particular, it may indicate a likely stroke or heart attack. With hypotension, drowsiness, tremors, and fainting, as a rule, appear. In patients, dizziness becomes frequent.
In this case, increased pulse rates may indicate the presence of tuberculosis, lesions of the digestive and biliary systems. In addition, such deviations may indicate an increase in VD (intracranial pressure), heart block, anemia. Patients have anxiety, endocarditis develops. In addition, conditions are accompanied by an increase in stiffness in large arteries. In some cases, a slight pressure difference (between the upper and lower pressure is less than thirty units) indicates arterial stenosis. Fluctuations in indicators often accompany pregnancy.
Hypotension and hypertension
Both are bad. Often, patients with low blood pressure show the same symptoms as those with high blood pressure. In particular, flickering flies or sparks in front of the eyes, headaches and dizziness, chest pains are observed. In some cases, nausea before vomiting, weakness may appear.
Lack of necessary and timely assistance can lead to serious consequences. For example, with increased pressure, there is a high risk of a hypertensive crisis, which can provoke vascular ruptures, cerebral disorders up to paralysis.
With hypotension, atrophic brain damage, cardiac arrest, visual impairment are likely. The greatest danger in this case is the developing resistance of the body to the introduction of cardiotonics. An attack of a sharp decrease or increase in blood pressure can occur suddenly. At the same time, a person often loses consciousness. In this case, emergency assistance is needed.
How to calculate the ratio of blood pressure?
There are no ideal indicators in medicine. But there is a formula with which you can calculate the optimal ratio. Lower blood pressure is multiplied by eleven, then divided by the diastolic index. If you get a figure close to seven, then it is considered that the level is optimal for the human condition. These calculations can be applied from the age of twenty years.
Experts remind that any, even the smallest, difference between the pressure can indicate violations in the body. This is especially true for people over the age of forty. In this regard, in order to avoid dangerous consequences, a visit to a cardiologist should not be postponed for a long time.
Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
Almost all aspects of life can affect performance. This diet and stress, psycho-emotional background, bad habits, exhaustion, medication. By following simple nutritional standards, controlling cholesterol, taking vitamins, and avoiding stressful situations, a person can maintain a normal state of the heart and blood vessels.