Consider the main types of educational activities used in the work of Russian teachers. The content of Russian education involves a combination of knowledge with skills, abilities, creative activities, emotional and value attitude to the world around.
general characteristics
The volume and nature of it are formed by the social order of the educational system. Depending on the era, the needs of society, the essence of the learning process is changing. The state educational standard acts as the main document that defines the content of different areas and levels of training. It is on its basis that curricula, programs, and manuals are developed.
The educational process is organized so that the child has the opportunity to take an active part in social and public activities, to form his civic position.
Let's set goals
What is the learning process aimed at? Learning objectives are formed on the basis of the social request of society. The federal educational standards of the new generation highlight the formation of a civic position among the younger generation as a priority.
The goals that are set by teachers during the pedagogical process include social group, universal, personal, individual tasks. As society develops, a change in the content of the educational process is observed.
Terminology
Learning as a pedagogical process is a complex concept in which subjects and objects of learning are directly involved.
A teacher who provides guidance for the activities of schoolchildren acts as one of the objects of instruction.
Process content
The educational process consists of four main elements:
- knowledge;
- skills;
- creative work;
- emotional and valuable activity.
The content of education is aimed at the acquisition by a person of the skills and abilities that he will need in a particular field of activity.
Adaptation of scientific information in the school process
The quality of training depends on the correct implementation of the basic requirements that apply to its content.
Didactic processing of educational material, its testing, use in a certain situation is an important condition for the successful activity of a teacher. This requirement is associated with careful consideration of all the distinctive features that exist between different sciences and academic subjects.
A school subject differs from science by a totality of concepts, the logic of presentation of the material. The professionalism of the teacher is expressed not only in the possession of the content of the discipline, but also in the ability to select that part of the information that should be conveyed to students in an accessible form.
Education and upbringing are interrelated concepts that allow fulfilling the social order of society to create a harmoniously developed personality.
Psychologization of the content of the educational process
The main types of educational activities take into account the psychological characteristics of students, the level of their training, as well as the age characteristics of students.
Such processing of scientific material should not be carried out to the detriment of scientificness, objectivity, which is the main difficulty in determining the content of training.
Learning outcomes must be linked to reality. The educational process should combine skills, creative experience. The main emphasis currently teachers make on the self-development and self-improvement of the younger generation.
The process of teaching younger schoolchildren is aimed at a combination of theory and practice, the acquisition by schoolchildren of creative experience, the ability to evaluate reality, and look for ways out of this situation.
Feature of modern learning
The purpose of training determines its content, means, methods. The famous philosopher Seneca said that for a ship that does not have a harbor, there will never be a tailwind. This statement can be applied to goal-setting in modern education.
If the education does not have a specific goal, it will not bring results.
In various historical eras in certain countries, various goals were set before training, taking into account the specifics of the life of peoples. These goals varied significantly in scope.
Years of study at school should not pass without a trace. Any educational system is aimed at developing a child’s personality.
Pages of history
In ancient Greece, reading instruction was provided on a Spartan basis. This system implied the subordination of the interests of the individual to society. The Athenian version, as the main goal of education, considered the personality, as well as the comprehensive development of those abilities that were laid down by nature. Even at that time, Athenian education demonstrated its viability, therefore, it became the basis of the modern individual development of schoolchildren.
With the historical development of society, various types of identifying goals and objectives have been formed:
- Reproductive education, in which the main goal of education was the mastery of the foundations of the sciences that are necessary for life in society. This direction was called academic, it exists in modern Russia.
- Developmental training. The formation of creative abilities of children is considered as the main goal, the emphasis is on the development of logic, thinking.
At present, many specialists involved in the theory of education believe that it is impossible to develop the creative abilities of children without first creating a solid base of scientific knowledge. Arguing over what is called learning, let us dwell on the tasks of the modern school.
Educational tasks
Teaching reading, writing in elementary school is based on the foundations of didactics:
- Schoolchildren learn a certain amount of knowledge about themselves, other people, natural phenomena. It is supposed not only a certain amount of scientific facts, but also the identification of relationships between them, their use to solve certain problems.
- The development of the abilities of schoolchildren, their logic, imagination, thinking, practical and cognitive skills, will, feelings. The main importance is given to self-education. These skills are especially relevant at the present time, when information quickly becomes obsolete, therefore it is so important to engage in constant self-training.
- Mastering professional knowledge in a certain direction, preparing for creative activity.
- The development of moral, cultural, aesthetic, civic interests and motivations.
When setting learning goals, the teacher focuses on obtaining the final learning outcome. A clear goal makes it possible to choose the content of training, to highlight the main didactic elements, as well as certain teaching methods, to be able to streamline the sides of the educational process, to give it unity and integrity.
What is called education in a modern Russian school? The national feature of the domestic educational system is the transition from classical education to new forms of work with the younger generation.
Considering what is called training, it should be noted that this is a process of transferring knowledge, skills, abilities, carried out according to certain standards.
The standard is established by the state, it contains a mandatory minimum of knowledge in a particular branch of knowledge, specialty training. This document indicates the time period allocated to the learning process, lists the didactic units, examines the meaning of each element.
The main disciplines are divided into several areas:
- natural scientific;
- humanitarian;
- special disciplines.
Depending on the social order, time adjustments for the study of individual subjects are possible.
The main goal of introducing new educational standards in Russian pre-school and school educational institutions was to create equal conditions for the development of all students, regardless of their material wealth, religion.
Based on the standards created for each academic discipline, tasks of a single state standard are formed, requirements for the level of knowledge gained by school graduates are established.
Structure and content
Based on the standards, teachers draw up curricula and devote a certain amount of time to the regional component in them. Such an option for organizing the educational process is a guarantee that the conditions for differentiated learning are preserved in any school and the individual capabilities of the student population are taken into account.
The curriculum is the main document of any domestic educational institution. It indicates the duration of the year, the duration of vacation time, the scope of semesters, quarters, the procedure and timing of the examination session.
The curriculum is considered as a document that determines the content of various disciplines. It is composed of teachers, based on the state standard. The program indicates the main topics of lessons, homework, activities of students. Also in the program, the teacher lists all the visual aids, educational and methodological literature necessary for the successful implementation of the goals and objectives.
The development of basic programs is carried out by methodologists of higher educational institutions. School teachers, based on federal programs, make some adjustments and additions taking into account the individual characteristics of students.
Among the main carriers of the content of modern education, textbooks are distinguished. They show in detail information on a specific subject. It is created on the basis of the compulsory educational standard, a program on academic discipline, and has the signature stamp of a special state supervisory authority.
The textbook performs several functions at once:
- informational, which is to provide the amount of knowledge defined by the main curriculum;
- training related to the management of cognitive activities of children;
- control aimed at testing the knowledge of students with the help of tests, exercises.
Ideally, the textbook should become a real assistant in organizing a high-quality educational and educational process for school teachers. Unfortunately, today not all textbooks used in educational institutions fully comply with the requirements of the new federal educational standards.
In order to guarantee a quality assimilation of the content of educational subjects, in addition to textbooks, the teacher uses other types of educational literature in his work: reference books, books for additional reading, atlases, collections of exercises and tasks. The result of training directly depends on the quality of the educational literature.
At present, school teachers are actively using not only paper, but also electronic educational resources in their professional activities. In addition to maintaining an electronic diary, teachers develop their own information sites, publish educational and methodological materials for students, parents and colleagues on them, they know very well what is called learning. Such innovations have a positive effect on the quality of the educational process, and make it possible to instill in modern students an interest in the taught discipline.
Conclusion
That is why the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation decided to develop a professional standard for a teacher. This document includes all the basic requirements for qualifications, the level of knowledge of scientific material in the taught subject, as well as general cultural skills.
Currently, this document is under discussion and consideration, but after its approval, each Russian teacher will undergo special tests aimed at identifying compliance with his position.
Didactics deals with all issues related to problems of training and education. It is an integral part of pedagogy, specializing in the main theoretical problems of education.
Its main task is to search for patterns relating to the learning process, their application for the successful solution of educational and educational tasks.
For each subject of the school curriculum, its own goals and objectives of the educational process are determined, the main content of the subject is selected. For example, the teaching of chemistry involves the formation in the younger generation of a caring attitude to wildlife, the ability to use the properties of substances to improve living standards.
A chemistry teacher pays special attention in his educational activities to the formation of practical skills, the safe use of chemicals, devices, and materials.
In order for the knowledge of this complex, but important and interesting science not to be a banal memorization of algorithms and rules for students, the teacher actively uses information resources in his work: videos, presentations, educational films, crossword puzzle and test task designers.
Currently, there are many interactive olympiads and competitions, participation in which allows the teacher to develop the creative activity of their students, to form in them the desire for independent knowledge.
The teacher in the educational process acts as a key figure. The result of training and education directly depends on his professionalism, correctness, enthusiasm for the taught discipline.
The pedagogical process involves not only the assimilation by schoolchildren of a certain amount of scientific information. Throughout the entire time of training in schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, children receive practical skills that help them successfully adapt to modern life.