The history of handball began at the end of the 19th century. This applies to the modern interpretation of the game. There is an opinion that this entertainment, which later became a popular sport, was invented by the Danes. It is symbolic that they planned to replace traditional football during the winter cold and blizzard. Moreover, each team consisted of six field players and a goalkeeper.
Myths and Reality
According to some reports, the history of handball began in ancient times. Similar ball games are mentioned in the writings of Homer and the ancient Roman doctor Galenus.
If we turn to the real date of the origin of this ball game, then many experts call 1898. During this period, a physical education teacher in one of the Danish schools introduced competitions between the two teams in his lessons. Students played the ball, passing it from hand to hand and falling into the goal, reminiscent of modern handball counterparts. It is noteworthy that this type of training was focused on the female part of the team.
Confession
In the history of handball, it is worth noting the origin of the name of the game. Everything is simple here:
- Hand is a hand.
- Ball - the ball.
- The result is a hand / ball.
As a rule, seven participants from each team (six field players and a goalkeeper) enter the field. The essence of the game is to throw the maximum number of goals into the opponent’s goal in the allotted time. The recognition in 1926 of handball as an international sport gave a significant impetus to the development of this game on most continents.
Organizational moments
Clubs and leagues began to appear in the history of handball, promoting this sport in the Benelux countries, Spain and many other countries. The first International Federation of Amateurs was created in 1928. It lasted until 1944. This federation includes 11 countries in which handball is actively developing.
The sport in question was included in the program of the Olympics in 1936. In the same period, a congress took place, at which it was decided to use 7x7 and 11x11 players at the World Championships. The provision provided for the participation of exclusively male teams. The first event of this kind was held in Germany, where German handball players became leaders.
Another rise
The next stage in the history of the development of handball happened after the creation of the International Federation of this sport (1946). At this time, they approved a program of events aimed at holding championships according to the 11x11 formula with the participation of not only male but also female teams. The first team in the competition among ladies was the Hungarian team (1949).
Subsequent world championships were held according to the traditional scheme (once every four years). In the 11x11 configuration, seven men's and three women's championships were held. The sport lost the rank of the international game in 1966, after which the era of development of the 7x7 format began. The first victory was won by the Swedes ( men's world championship in 1954). Representatives of Czechoslovakia (in 1957 in Yugoslavia) became leaders in women in a similar competition.
Handball History in Russia
In our country, the sport in question is mentioned at the beginning of the 20th century. He first appeared in Kharkov (1909). The prototype of this contest was the Czech gymnastic game, known as the Czech Hazen.
A significant contribution to the development of domestic handball was made by Dr. Maly E.F., who completed the development of the rules and features of active ball play. According to these canons, the match was fought by a team of athletes from seven participants on a field measuring 4500/2500 millimeters.
The playing area should be divided into three zones:
- Protection zone.
- Central field.
- Zone of attack.
The goalkeeper compartment is limited by a line located four meters from the goal. Their dimensions are 2000 millimeters in width and 2250 in height.
Interesting information
The match lasted two periods (half time) of thirty minutes. The history and rules of handball remained relevant even two decades after the death of Dr. Mala, who developed them.
It can be argued that Russian handball has become the prototype of a modern game that has a complete version in sports terms. The first handball league in the domestic space was created in 1918.
How did handball develop in the USSR
In the Soviet Union, the game in question began to be actively developed in 1946. Two years later they approved updated game rules, fixed under the name "Hand Ball 7x7". Similarly, the federation of this sport was named. From that moment, it was felt that handball players play a hand ball.
The starting competition was held between the women's and men's teams of the cities of the Union in the 11x11 hand ball format. It soon became apparent that this configuration was of little interest and inefficiency. Therefore, since 1962, they began to hold championships of union significance exclusively according to the 7x7 scheme.
Entering the international arena
In the history of handball, the USSR men's team entered the international level for the first time in 1960, and the female team in 1962. Among the successful achievements:
- Victory in the final of the European Cup of the women's team “Trud” under the leadership of Lazar Gurevich (1964 in Copenhagen).
- 1982 - Gold medal at the World Cup in Hungary (1982).
- Championship among women at the 1990 World Cup (Korea).
- Silver at the 2001 Games in Italy.
- Olympic winners in Rio de Janeiro (2016).
Men's handball in the USSR
The history of handball with respect to the men's teams of the Union has evolved no less successfully. The Soviet team received world-class champion awards in 1978 and 1990.
Among the remaining titles of men:
- Silver at the games of 1978 and 1990 at the Olympics.
- Gold medals at the 1982 World Cup and 1992 in Montreal and Seoul.
- Victory in Barcelona (1992).
- Win in Moscow (Olympics-80).
- Since 1984, the Soviet teams have not taken part in the Olympics. In 1992, she acted as a joint CIS team.
Now among the Russian leaders in handball stand out Krasnodar, Astrakhan, Rostov, Peter.
Playground
The history of handball is associated with the development of several sizes of playing fields. As a result, they took the site with dimensions of 40x20 meters as the standard. Around the working area is a safety compartment with a size of at least one meter. Behind the goal line, this indicator should be at least two meters.
Marking and designation of game accessories in the history of handball:
- Long linear outlines - side lines.
- Short analogues - between the door pillars.
- Outside lines (outside the gate).
- The ends of the outlines are joined with the outer parts of the gate using arcs with a radius of 60 centimeters.
At a distance of three meters from the outer line of the goal, an intermittent border of free throws (a nine-meter line) is drawn. The lengths of the segments of this design are 150 millimeters. Against the goal line is a seven-meter limiter, the length of which is equal to one meter. The goalkeeper's restricted area is indicated by a four-meter canvas of 150 millimeters. The closing lines are oriented at 4, 5 meters. They are marked by lines placed at right angles on both sides of 20 mm.
Related accessories and supplies
In the history of the emergence of handball there is a period when they have precisely decided not only on the size of the playing field, but also on the goal. They should be like this:
- Reliable fastening. Internal dimensions - 3000/2000 mm.
- Square section.
- The trailing edge must align with the outside of the fixture.
- From those positions, the gates are painted in two contrasting colors that differ from the colors of the site.
- At the gate, a grid is mandatory mounted.
In the history of handball and the rules of the game, it is noted that the ball was made of leather or synthetics. The main condition is that it should be round, not shiny, not slippery.
Key parameters for the ball:
- The size of the ball circumference is 50-52 centimeters. Its mass is from 290 to 330 grams. These are the standards for children's teams (boys from 8 to 12, girls from 8 to 14 years old).
- The circumference of the ball is 54-56 centimeters. Weight - 325-375 g (women's teams from 14 years and older, and men's - from 12 to 16 years).
- The size of the ball circumference is 58-60 centimeters, weight - 425-475 grams for adult groups (from 16 years old).
Command structure
A group of athletes entitled to participate in the match upon prior request are divided into two teams. At the same time, no more than seven people from each of them may be present at the site.
One team member is a goalkeeper. At the start of the match, each team must have at least five participants. A substitute handball player may enter the game if one of the players leaves the court. Then he becomes a spare. Players can enter the playing field and leave it only with the permission of the referee through the appropriate line. The number of replacements is not specified.
The team, according to the rules noted in the history of the game handball, includes:
- Goalkeeper.
- Extreme players, fast and agile.
- A central intelligence player. The main task is to see the field and the ability to give gears.
- Welterweight (tall players with the possibility of a strong throw).
- Linear. Its zone is a six-meter line. Such zones are occupied by strong and stocky participants.
In the modern history of the game of handball, it can be noted that the team, as a rule, includes four official representatives, the data on which are entered into the protocol. Their authority includes the submission of claims or petitions to the timekeeper, judges. They are also responsible for ensuring that there are eligible players on the court.
The game
Above is a brief history of handball. In conclusion, it is worth mentioning that the game itself, in the modern sense, consists of two halves. The break between them is 15 minutes. After the first half, teams change venues. If in the end the winner is not identified, an additional period of five minutes is appointed with a minute break.
In some cases, free throws may be awarded. They are carried out with a seven-meter mark. The basis for their appointment is a gross violation of the rules in the goalkeeper's area or an unexplained game situation after the end of the match.
The countdown does not stop with short pauses (the ball goes beyond the sideline and similar moments). The referees may stop the game for the duration of the meeting between themselves. This occurs if there is any violation of the regulations. After the resumption of the game, the added time is taken into account along with the main one.
Features
The history of the game handball is discussed above. Among the features of this sport, it is highlighted that the duel is conducted with the activity of attacking players trying to throw the ball into the goal, which is guarded by the goalkeeper. Defenders prevent the creation of a dangerous situation in their half of the field. Any disputes are decided by the judge and his assistants. The referee's whistle or a special siren notifies the start and end of the game.