Fire safety. Primary extinguishing media and rules for their use

Unfortunately, it is sometimes impossible to predict the occurrence of some emergency situations. Fires can also be included in this category, so you should always be prepared to eliminate them as much as possible. It is important to have at hand the primary fire fighting means and the rules for using them as well. We will talk about this in our article.

Instruction at the enterprises

At any enterprise and in each institution should be equipped with a place for storing primary means for extinguishing fires. There must be an instruction on the rules for using primary fire fighting equipment. Here are its main provisions:

1. Know the contents of the instructions should all employees of the organization or enterprise.
2. The management has full responsibility for providing all fire extinguishing means, as well as for training personnel in the rules for their use.
3. Heads of departments and divisions are also responsible for the technical condition and availability of fire fighting equipment.
4. At least once a month, it is necessary to inspect the primary fire extinguishing means.
5. All faults must be repaired immediately, faulty fire extinguishers must be removed and replaced.
6. Primary extinguishing media and their application (rules of use) should be familiar to everyone. They should be located in an accessible place where evacuation of people will not interfere if necessary.
7. The use of fire extinguishing agents for other purposes is strictly prohibited.
8. To remove fire extinguishers from operation, a special commission is created and a protocol is drawn up.
9. The company should have persons who are responsible for performing this manipulation.

The instruction must be placed in a corner for fire safety.

What can be attributed to the primary means of extinguishing a fire

Almost every employee entering the work should be provided with primary fire extinguishing means and the rules for using them. These include:

1. Fire extinguishers.
2. Fire cranes.
3. Fire equipment, which include:

• Tanks with water.
• Boxes of sand.
• Fireproof material.
• Asbestos cloth.

4. Fire fighting tools:

• Shovels.
• Axes.
• Bagra.
• Buckets.
• Scrap and others.

Extinguishing media requirements

Primary fire fighting equipment should be located in fire cabinets, fire shields or stands. All this is in accessible places so that you can quickly apply if necessary.

In all public institutions, schools, kindergartens and hospitals, the presence of such a corner is strictly necessary. The amount of such extinguishing agents is already determined based on the area of ​​the premises, the properties of the materials, in each case an individual calculation is carried out.

Use of tool and inventory

Almost everywhere sand is one of the most affordable means to extinguish fires. After water, it is the cheapest and easiest material to deal with a fire. It is used to extinguish combustible substances in a liquid state, for example, gasoline, oils, kerosene. Of course, one can cope in this way only with a small fire. The rules for using primary fire fighting equipment apply to sand:

• Sand should be stored in a special box with a lid.
• In some cases, wide metal barrels can be used.
• Such containers should be located in places that are not accessible to moisture.
• The suitability of sand for use should also be checked at least 2 times a year.

During the fight against ignition, it must be remembered that extinguishing liquid combustible substances must begin from the edge of the combustion zone, and only then pour sand onto the burning liquid.

Use of fire fighting material

This includes: felt, nightmare, asbestos cloth. Apply them when a small fire occurs, throwing on it. Air stops and the fire goes out.

Such material is produced in the form of a canvas measuring at least a meter per meter. Felt and koshma are additionally impregnated with flame retardants. They are stored in special boxes at low humidity to prevent damage most often in rolls or rolled up. Of course, everyone understands that the use of such materials in large fires will not have an effect.

Using water to extinguish a fire

In order to use water to fight fire, do not need rules for using fire extinguishing means. This substance is as popular as sand, and quite affordable. When water enters the source of ignition, it cools it and soaks into the surface, thereby preventing the spread of fire.

You can use water to extinguish almost all substances that do not interact with it. The operation of a water fire extinguisher is based on this principle; it can be used to extinguish small and uncomplicated fires. When the primary fire fighting means and the rules for using them are studied, it is imperative to clarify in which cases water cannot be used:

1. Alkali metals, such as sodium and potassium, should not be extinguished with water. When interacting with them, hydrogen is released, and combustion only intensifies.
2. It is forbidden to use water to extinguish objects under voltage, as it conducts current. For these purposes, a powder or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher can be used.
3. It will not work to extinguish flammable liquids with water . Oily spots will form, which, spreading out, will only increase the area of ​​the fire. For this, it is better to use land or sand.

Knowing these rules will help to use water to fight fire more efficiently.

Fire Extinguishers

Such devices are mandatory in every fire corner. They are different, so you need to know their distinguishing features in order to effectively use against various fires. Fire extinguishers are:

• Chemical foam and chemical air foam. Perfectly extinguish flammable liquids and solid materials. They can not be used to extinguish the cable and wiring, as well as alcohol, acetone and alkali metals.
• Air-foam fire extinguishers are designed to combat the ignition of solid objects and combustible liquids.
• Gas fire extinguishers can have a different filler:

1. Carbon dioxide. It is the most common variety. Used for extinguishing wiring, solids.
2. Freon extinguishers are designed to extinguish all types of combustible and smoldering materials and electrical networks.
3. Powder They can be used to extinguish solid, liquid and gaseous substances, as well as electrical installations.

How to use a fire extinguisher in case of fire?

In order to effectively use the necessary equipment and materials for fighting fire, it is necessary to study not only the rules for using fire extinguishing means (fire extinguishers), but also first study the instructions for a specific device. It may vary slightly, depending on the type of fire extinguisher. Here are the basic rules for using the device to fight fire, it is advisable to adhere to them:

1. It is necessary to approach the source of fire with a fire extinguisher from the side where it is least likely to fall under the influence of smoke and fire.
2. If you put out the fire on the street and there is wind, then you need to approach from the windward side.
3. Remove the seal and remove the lock.
4. Activate the mechanism by pressing a button or lever.
5. A stream of liquid or powder should be directed with a bell or hose not to the flames, but to the burning substance itself.
6. If the fire spreads in an inaccessible place, then it is necessary to direct the jet so that it does not collide with an obstacle.
7. If the hearth is too large and there are several fire extinguishers, then there is a reason to use them simultaneously, and not in turn, of course, if there are the required number of people.
8. Extinguish a fire before stopping decay. Otherwise, it is likely that the fire will flare up again, especially in windy weather.
9. After you have used a fire extinguisher, it must be recharged or replaced with a new one and put back into the fire corner.

These simple rules will help you deal more effectively with a fire. It should be noted that the result of the use of a fire extinguisher will depend not only on its variety, but also on how well the person knows the primary fire fighting means and the rules for using them.

Using a fire hydrant

Such cranes can be seen in almost all institutions, whether industrial or administrative. Be sure to have a responsible person who monitors the safety and serviceability of the fire hydrant. If there is none, then those who wish to profit from non-ferrous metal may appear.

Fire hydrants can be used not only as independent means of extinguishing a fire, but also as an aid to fire engines. The crane includes:

• Valve for water supply.
• Fire hose that attaches to the valve.
• Fire barrel.

If a fire occurs, it is necessary to open the tap door, roll out the sleeve and check its connection with the tap. Only then can water be supplied by unscrewing the valve.

It is most convenient to carry out all these actions together, one holds the sleeve, and the second opens the water. During extinguishing a fire, it is necessary to keep a focus of ignition in sight and head towards the spread of fire. The water jet should be directed to the place of ignition.

Fire hydrants periodically must also be inspected, and information is recorded in a special journal.

Fire protection controls

Primary fire extinguishing media and the rules for their use in the energy sector are especially important. The amount of funds, their placement is regulated by the following documents:

1. Federal Law 123 and FZ-315.
2. SNiP 21-01-97.
3. GOST 12.1.004-91.
4. Fire safety standards.
5. A list of technical means.

The primary fire extinguishing means and the rules for using them in the Russian Federation are listed in the laws, but the main document for the fire safety engineer is the instruction on the use and maintenance of fire extinguishing means. There are many branches of the national economy, and in each case the content of the instruction may differ, but there are some provisions that should be present in each:

• The instruction should be the same as the fire safety magazines.
• Mandatory instruction and training of employees so that everyone knows the rules for using primary fire fighting equipment. All this is recorded in a special journal.
• Responsible for fire safety should regularly calculate the need for protective equipment and provide information to the administration.
• The fire extinguishing means are regularly checked for serviceability.
• The main document should be a register of primary firefighting equipment.

Domestic fire fighting

The rules for using primary fire extinguishing means (fire extinguishers) will be useful not only at work, but also at home. It is advisable to have such a device at hand and teach it to use all households.

It is important to think over a plan of action in case of such a situation. If there is no fire extinguisher, then you can use improvised means:

1. First of all, it is water. She is always at home at hand, but one must know that it is impossible to extinguish appliances with it under current.
2. Powder fire extinguishers contain soda, and it is always in the cabinet in the kitchen. By the way, it can also extinguish electrical appliances.
3. Even the use of salt and laundry detergent will help isolate oxygen from the fire and put out a small fire.
4. In extreme cases, you can use the earth in flower pots.
5. If furniture burns, then throwing a thick cloth or blanket will block the access of oxygen, and the fire will go out.

Fire is a terrible force that can sweep everything in its path. If you are fully equipped, have fire extinguishing means at hand and know the rules for their use, then the fire will not take you by surprise and you will always be able to cope with it. It is better to prevent such situations, and for this it is necessary to always observe fire safety rules and teach children from an early age.