The essence of power and its social nature cannot be revealed without considering the issue of the resources at its disposal. What does this concept mean in general? Resources - this is almost everything that is used to achieve the goal. They allow you to satisfy not only their own needs, but also the needs of subjects in the external environment.
An administrative resource is nothing but the influence that is exerted on various spheres of activity by politicians, officials, government bodies and officials
Definition of a concept
What is an administrative resource? As a rule, when faced with a given phrase, a clearly negative idea of ​​this phenomenon comes to mind. Moreover, most often it is associated with the elections. Of course, various kinds of reflections and disputes that address the issue of the influence of administrative resources on the political life of a country are conducted in most cases with upcoming or past elections. However, this side of the phenomenon does not fully reveal its essence. The very phrase “administrative resource” does not carry any negative meaning. Moreover, it is not necessarily associated with a political election company.
The word “administer” is a verb whose meaning is “to govern” and “to govern”. For example, we all are well aware of the administrative common resources that are used in the process of setting up computer systems. What does the second term from a given phrase (resources) mean? Let's consider further. Resources, in addition to “sources, means and capabilities”, can be understood in another way. This word means nothing more than a “remedy that can be used if necessary” or “the only way out”. In other words, this is something that can be applied to achieve a particular result.
Based on the foregoing, the term "administrative resource" can be understood as a "managerial resource". That is, a tool that is designed to solve managerial problems in order to achieve the goals set by the leadership.
Based on this, it becomes obvious that the administrative resource is initially used in the management system. And only then this concept finds its application in other areas of human life.
Enterprise administrative resource
Often this tool is used in business. At the same time, the company itself serves as the source from which the administrative resource arises at the enterprise. For a senior manager, it is expressed in the person of a senior manager.
Sometimes it is the owner of the company. In any case, it is these people who take the manager of the first or second level to work and entrust him with the performance of certain managerial work. At this moment, the delivery of powers, which are called the administrative resources of the organization, takes place. This situation can be described somewhat differently. A certain person makes an order for the implementation of management activities.
Hierarchy
An administrative resource is the right to manage and at the same time places the responsibility on the manager for obtaining the desired result.
Management work is carried out by an employee. Such a right transferred to him is as follows:
- Resource manager, as it is a means to manage.
- The personal resource of the employee, as it is given to him for the duration of his duties.
The administrative resource of management has a hierarchical nature. How is this confirmed? The fact is that the receipt of this resource occurs exactly at the moment when the head rises to the highest level of the company's managers structure. This procedure can be called hierarchy. This term is applied to a situation when a number of conditions are fulfilled that actually lead the manager to receive administrative resources. In this case, the employee is required only to agree to assume responsibility for the results of their activities.
The right of management is the most important resource of the manager. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that in this case the activities of the employee are legitimized. In other words, it becomes legal. And this is worth keeping in mind. A legitimate management right is possible only if it is legally obtained. However, in practice there are also illegitimate sources of this resource. In such cases, the right to control is given as a result of fraud or violence.
Administrative Resource Limits
What gives the manager the right to manage? The use of administrative resources allows an employee to manage subordinates. In addition, he has the right to manage all the funds of the company. In other words, he gets his hands on the administrative and economic resource.
The scope of authority that is granted to the top manager has a quantitative characteristic. Of course, if we consider a specific hierarchy, here a certain amount of rights is attributed to each of the intermediate managers. The content of such duties is determined in each case differently. In this case, the decision is made on the basis of production need, and at first it has no connection with the personality of the employee.
Sometimes the amount of rights that a real leader receives and the amount of rights corresponding to his position may not coincide. Moreover, such differences exist in the vast majority of cases.
The responsibility assigned to the manager is not his personal resource at all. After all, all the funds that were used as a result of the work of the enterprise, as well as finished products manufactured, were nothing more than the product of the company's owners.
Thus, an administrative resource in business implies only the right to manage. However, this is a lot, because the right to control allows you to access many other resources.
In general, climbing the hierarchical ladder allows a person, using his administrative capabilities, to do something real, using the leverage given to him in his hands. However, in this case, abuse of one's official position is often manifested, which is used for personal mercenary purposes.
Administrative Resource Methods
Sometimes there is fierce competition between enterprises. In order to destroy their rival, businessmen resort to the use of administrative structures. In doing so, they apply the following methods:
- Hook and bait . This method is quite simple. For the enterprise create an information trap. The selected company gets there and creates dirt on itself. The essence of this method is to develop a separate campaign. The purpose of such actions is to lure the competitor into a situation where he creates self-incriminating evidence. Moreover, all words spoken by an “undesirable” candidate acquire a dual meaning. Compromising information also occurs if the manager has told the truth. The question is posed in such a way that a person will not say something, and this will also be a compromising evidence.
- Public outrage . Many enterprises have a lot of points that can cause discontent among people. It can be a luxurious office or a car too expensive for the head to drive, harmful emissions into the environment, a small salary of employees, harassment of someone else’s rights, etc. The purpose of this method is to find an object that can disturb the public after the facts are made public.
- Virtual compromising evidence . This method is based on the use of not a real fact, but on the alleged desire or thought of someone. This method of eliminating competitors is a win-win. After all, any material fact can be either confirmed or refuted. But getting evidence that a person did not think in one way or another is simply unrealistic.
Power resource
Administration is not only about business. This concept implies various methods of administrative resources that are used in public administration and at all stages of the election campaign.
Today, during the elections, the press gives information about which parties secured the support of the Presidential Administration, and which parties were clearly not enough for success. And here the following types of administrative resource can be distinguished by the level of power:
- Local significance (small settlements, for example, villages, are taken into account here).
- Municipal importance, at which meetings of candidates with local enterprises are ensured, recommendations are given to journalists on providing positive information about the “right” person, places are allocated for billboards and the work of competitors is destabilized.
- Regional significance. This resource allows you to attract the public opinion of doctors, distinguished teachers, etc., provide the necessary information about the candidate at all seminars, meetings and events, allocate time for speaking in budgetary organizations and destabilize the opponent’s headquarters.
- Federal significance. Such a resource allows attracting party leaders and public organizations for their performance in the media, ensuring the loyalty of the Central Election Commission and exercising constant control over grassroots commissions in the interests of the “right” candidate.
Classification of power resources according to their legality
All funds that are used as part of an administrative resource are divided into the following:
- Legitimate . They represent the use by state bodies and officials of the legal powers given to them by the authorities. The purpose of such an activity is to obtain additional guarantees and opportunities in solving the problem of realizing one’s own political interests. A legitimate administrative resource also includes the personnel reserve of managerial staff. This is such a stock of people who are capable of leadership, constantly improve their level of knowledge, and not only in the field necessary for public administration.
- Illegitimate. This administrative resource is understood as a combination of various technologies (as a rule, illegal), which allow to achieve maximum impact on people with minimal financial investments, which will ensure their “voluntary” submission. Such a resource is used in cases where the position of the current government on the eve of the upcoming elections is not strong enough. An illegitimate type of administration can also be seen in cases where the candidate has a serious rival and a real competitor.
Used means
What other criteria are classified administrative resource of power? It is divided into types depending on the means used. So, allocate:
- Institutional Resource . This type of administration is associated with the use of the diverse potential of state institutions and organizations.
- Budget resource. This is nothing but an administrative resource in the elections, which is directly related to the use of state funding.
- Media Resource. In the course of its application, state-owned media are used, which give out to their viewer and reader information that serves the interests of a particular candidate or party. It is this resource, according to research, that is predominant during the election campaign.
Often the use of administrative resources is a combination of institutional and media types.
The realities of our country
According to the study, the administrative and legal resource in Russia on 2/3 of its territory is completely legal. Here elections are held competitively, and candidates have only a small gap in the number of votes.
However, if we take such regions as Tatarstan and the North Caucasus, Kalmykia, Bashkortostan and others, then here the absolute majority of the population votes for one candidate for the post. This only candidate, of course, is pleasing to local authorities and elites. Such areas of the country are called "electorally managed." These are regions where members of the election commission are heavily dependent on the local administration in resolving the monetary and housing issues. In addition, often the media that provide information about candidates do not belong to the state, but to commercial structures that are closely connected with politics and state bureaucracy.
What is a primaries?
In the political sphere, primary elections of an internal party character are often held. This is the primaries (the emphasis in this word falls on "a"). Such elections are held to nominate the most popular and strongest candidates.
In those countries where there is an established democratic system, primaries represent the most striking and important event of the election race. This can be observed, for example, in the USA. However, besides the primaries, there are also practiced caucus, which is a discussion meeting of members of one party.
Primaries in our country
Of course, it is no secret to anyone that democracy in Russia is as yet uncharted territory. Some institutions and instruments that promote freedom of speech are being introduced gradually, and are still incomprehensible not only to ordinary voters, but also to experienced politicians. Does the administrative resource influence in our country on primaries?
The main task of the primary election is to find new people who can work as experts with the laws and communicate directly with the population. After that, they have a further path, already into big politics. This was also mentioned by V.V. Putin in an interview with participants in the primaries. At the same time, the head of state voiced his request to the United Russia party. He asked its members to show the rest of the candidates an example of fair election campaign. And these are not empty words. Indeed, in the opinion of many experts, the administrative resource impedes a lot of the new democratic institution. How to count on the fact that new people will come into politics if all the places are occupied by the “necessary” representatives of the authorities?
However, according to reports from the regions, it nevertheless exerts its influence on the primaries of the administrative resource. And especially alarming is this situation in the Moscow region. All this contradicts the very principle of primaries. After all, the idea of ​​holding primary elections consists in the fact that voters can mark the brightest politician.