Over the centuries, football has been gaining popularity, attracting fans waiting for "bread and circuses." A football match is an important event in the life of any city: crowds of fans gather, public transport schedules are adjusted, additional outfits are highlighted, there is a massive absence of employees at workplaces due to vacations or time off during the match of your favorite team.
History of occurrence
Ritual acts, representing kicking a ball or other spherical object, have long been common in almost the whole world. In China, for example, something similar was common as a training program for warriors, the game was called "tsuju." Scientists translate the name as “kick”.
One of the likely progenitor countries of this sport is Italy. It was there that the game, known as the “Florentine Calcho”, first appeared, in which the roles of the team members were provided. In those days, game terms began to appear for the first time. Football fans were already tearing the stands with shouts.
The twelfth century records football about Britain in all sorts of holidays and festivities. However, it is worth mentioning the lack of game rules as such in those days, which provoked massive bloodshed both among players and among fans. This led to the prohibition of this type of fun through government decrees.
For the first time in history, Oxford and Cambridge football teams have identified a single set of rules and regulated various terms. Football teams up to this point were content with their own rules. In the end, these actions led to confusion in the rules, because how many teams there were, so many rules of the game.
In 1846, the first set of rules adopted at a meeting of representatives of various schools was officially documented. The terms, football rules and the roles of the participants presented in this code were taken as the basis of the rules of the English Football Association. As a result, the situation returned to normal, because the teams relied on a single set of rules.
Terminology
Football terms and their meaning have undergone a significant number of changes in various editions, before finally becoming entrenched in the modern version. In modern football you can meet the following terms:
- Own goal - a ball scored into the goal of his own team. Initially, it was believed that if the ball was touched by a player of his team (before the ball hit the net), an own goal was counted. However, over time, adjustments were made to this concept. In modern football, an own goal is counted if the player intentionally kicked the ball into his own goal. Otherwise, the goal is counted as an attacker of the opposing team who hit the ball.
- Goal scorer is a term that has taken root not so much among players or fans as among journalists covering football chronicles. The meaning of the phrase is intuitive.
- Anti-football - usually this word denotes a tough game with a clear violation of the rules, accompanied by numerous beatings, footboards (usually disguised as a standard “tackle”), as well as deliberate boorish treatment of referees and opponents. The term came into circulation due to the development of professional football, which gave rise to such a phenomenon typical of modern times as the resale of a player to another team, and sometimes to another country. This led to the fact that individual teams of specific football clubs exceeded the national team by their professionalism, which pushed the idea of football as a competition to the background, and put forward the idea of commercial profit. Such football matches attracted a lot of spectators and promised enormous fees for both players and club owners. As a result, players sought to snatch victory at all costs and did not hesitate to use obviously forbidden tricks. A noisy event, thanks to which the term tightly entered into circulation, was a match between the teams of Buenos Aires and Glasgow in 1967, during which fist pains in the third round of the competition did not stop. Teams fought for the intercontinental cup. In the fight for a large fee, the players did not hesitate to break the rules, because the referee had to remove six players from the field by the end of the match: four from Glasgow and two from Buenos Aires.
- The referee is an ordinary referee on the football field, monitoring the execution of the rules of the game and imposing punishment for non-compliance with those.
- Attack - movement of a football player to the opponent’s goal in order to score a goal.
- Jar - this term is called a bench for spare.
- The bisiclet (from Portuguese bicicleta) is another name for “scissor punch” when a soccer player sends the ball with a punch through himself in the fall. Translation of football terms from one language into another is a common phenomenon, but commentators of football matches prefer to use the phrase “scissor punch” to make the viewer more easily understand the information.
- Quick goal - such a goal is considered if the ball was in the opponent’s goal until the nineteenth minute of the match inclusive.
- Air duel - the emergence of the term is obliged to the established tradition of football players to fight for the ball not only on the ground, but also in the air. We are talking about trying to knock a flying ball with his head. Often the tall stature of a football player plays a big role in an air duel, but there are cases when the ball went to players with low stature and able to jump high. This was the Italian football player Filippo Inzaghi. He sent a lot of goals to the opponent’s goal with his head, winning an air duel.
- Goalkeeper (from the English. Goal - the goal, keep - to keep) - this term in modern football is called the goalkeeper.
- Dirty game - all kinds of actions of players on the field, not up to violations of the rules, but spoiling the game. These include: obscene shouts at an opponent, simulation of injuries, attempts to interfere with a free kick, deliberate delay of time. Very often, players resort to a dirty game due to a lack of professionalism. In order to delay time (in order to keep the score), the players intentionally portray injuries, swear with the judges, allow themselves to loudly call out an opponent to confuse him or intentionally incite the discontent of the fans in the stands, wishing to turn the situation in their favor. History knows the case with the defender of the USSR national team. At the Olympics in Melbourne, Nikolai Tishchenko played almost the entire second half of the meeting and an extra half with a broken collarbone. There are many examples of such feats of the history of football.
- Derby - this term was dubbed a small-scale match, which is more likely to be principled than professional. For example, between teams of one city or one district.
- Joker - a player from the bench, able to turn the tide of the game in favor of his team.
- Legionnaire - this word refers to a player of a football club that does not have the citizenship of the country in which he takes part in the national championship.
- Infirmary - this is the name of the players who were injured during the competition.
- Dead ball - such a threatening term is a ball flying very fast and, as a rule, at the junction of the upper crossbar of the goal and the bar. Such a ball is extremely difficult to beat. About the goalkeeper who managed to prevent the goal, they say "took the dead ball", that is, prevented the inevitable goal.
- A draw is the result of a team meeting ending in the absence of a winner. As a rule, with an equal score.
- A rebound is a victory or a draw, inherited only by chance.
- Sharp pass - passing the ball during the game from one player to another in such a way that the player who receives the ball is in a very convenient position for hitting the opponent’s goal.
- Replay - re-scheduled team meeting. In this case, the result of the previous game is reset. It is extremely rare, because the decision to cancel a match is usually made because of circumstances independent of the organizers and teams. For example, suddenly spoiled weather conditions.
English football terms
In English, translated into Russian and other languages are often found due to the high distribution area of this sport.
Some of them are so familiar to Russian people that they do not even have to think about their origin.
- Out (from the English. Out - "out"). What the football term “out” means is known to anyone who has somehow come across football in general. Going out of the ball, limiting the football field. If this situation arises, the match stops until the ball is returned to the game again. This requires a throw-in of the ball by one of the opponents ’team players with their hands behind their heads. Usually, a team always has a player specially selected for this action, because throwing the ball in with their hands (especially if this happens on the opponent's side) can launch a successful combination of passing the ball with their foot or head, which will make it possible to make a successful goal. There are very frequent cases when, after a throw-in of the ball with your hands, the goal was made with one touch.
- Pass (from the English pass - pass, pass) - passing the ball from one player to another team to play a combination or in the process of moving to the opponent’s goal. There are three varieties: simple (implies the usual rolling of the ball from one player to another in the process of moving towards the goal of the opposing team), mounted (when the player sends the ball through the air to the player of his team) and pass counter-clockwise (the case when the player “shoots” the ball into the free area, often between enemy players, and a player of his team running past picks him up and moves to the opponent’s goal).
- Penalty (from the English penalty - “penalty, punishment, punishment”) - a shot on goal from a distance of eleven meters, appointed by the referee for violating the rules of the game by the team in their own penalty area (field section in front of the goal). This free kick is carried out by one player, only the goalkeeper of the opposing team prevents him. The remaining players are outside the penalty area. If a penalty is awarded at the end of the match, extra time is allocated. Glazkov Georgy Fedorovich, who played in the Moscow Spartak from 1935 to 1947 (excluding 1945), is considered the best penalty kicker in the history of domestic football.
- Forward (from the English forward - "forward") - forward.
In English-speaking countries, the word dispossessed is also common - a football term for taking away the ball by an opponent without force contact. Russian dictionary of terms interprets this action as interception.
There are numerous football terms in English, with a translation into Russian, the meaning of which varies depending on the sport. For example, the term shot (from English - “shot”) has the meaning “kick” if it refers to football. When it comes to basketball, the term is already turning into a “block shot”.
Another example is the phrase general manager, which translates as “general manager” when it comes to basketball or hockey. However, when it comes to football, it is translated into Russian as “head coach”. If the manager’s functions imply some organizational activity, then the duties of a coach are reduced solely to preparing the team and coordinating the actions of the players on the field.
Italian football terms
In Italian, there are many phrases related to football. Most of the words already have analogues in the English language and are used exclusively on the territory of Italian-speaking countries and serve only as a translation of international concepts into the language of the viewer. A few words came to football from the Italian language.
- Cattenacchio, or catenaccio (from Italian catenaccio - “deadbolt”) - a tactical maneuver in which a blind defense is created at the team’s goal, and the player closest to the goal plays the role of a cleaner. For the first time, the Italian national team became famous for tactics in 1982, having won the world championship. The maneuver consists in the fact that the team scores a goal to the opponent, after which it is rebuilt into a catenaccio, having gone into a dead defense, it holds the leading score.
- Libero (liberou - “free”) - a cleaner, insuring teammates during the execution of catenaccio tactics.
- Lateral (laterale - "lateral") - a defender located on the edge, is able to actively support the attack and defend its edge of the field.
- Fint (finta - "pretense, deceit, fiction") - a deceptive technique or movement performed by a player in order to confuse the enemy and disrupt the initiative.
- Final (finale - "end, conclusion, end") - the final competition of teams.
Germanisms in terminology
German football terms are far from the last. There are few terms, but they are widely known. And their Germanic origin is often surprising.
- Bombardier (German: Bombardier) - the most productively attacking player on the team. The word came to big sport from artillery, where it meant firing heavy weapons at enemy positions (bombardment). About ten Soviet football players are known to have bombarded the enemy’s goal with a hundred or more goals in many matches during the USSR championships. Alexander Semenovich Ponomaryov, who scored twenty-three goals per season, is considered the record holder.
- Rod (German Die Stange) - this is the name for the goal post.
Spoken football terms in German are hard to understand for the Russian ear, but in case of spending time in the company of the Germans, there are separate sites offering translation of the terms.
- Fußballspieler - this term refers to the normal player of the team, that is, a football player.
- Torwart is the goalkeeper. Tor - translates as "gate", wart - short for warter - "watchman, guard."
Spanish terms
The Spaniards are big fans of this sport and are happy to postpone all the important things for the sake of the opportunity to cheer on their favorite team in front of the TV screen or at the football stadium. However, the dictionary containing football terms in Spanish is very scarce. There is only the word "Mundial". The term refers to the World Cup - the main international competition in this sport.
Nevertheless, if you have a great desire to spend time with a group of Spaniards over a glass of alcohol and watching a football match, you can find a huge number of articles on the Internet that allow you to learn Spanish and football terms.
- el penal - this phrase means a penalty, a free-kick from a distance of 11 meters;
- el arco - it is easy to guess what the gates are meant because of the similarity with the word "arch";
- el papanata - this is an intricate term used by especially emotional Spaniards when watching a match, it’s easy to guess the meaning, as this word is shouted out at unsuccessful players or during failed goals;
- cual es el resultado? - And so the Spanish viewer wonders what the score is.
Russian terms
Football was widely spread and developed in Russia. A number of terms have an interesting history of origin.
- Substitution - an event on the field when a new player comes in the place of an injured player who is unable to continue the competition. For a long time, the International Football Association did not approve of replacing players during a match. However, the domestic championships of various countries not only practiced the substitution, but also urged to legalize it. What happened in the end in 1960.
- Note - an indication to the player of a violation of the rules. The rules are not provided, but in practice the effectiveness of the comments to maintain order on the field is established. Usually a few remarks already lead to a stop of the game and result in a warning in the form of a yellow card.
- Defender - a player whose duties include the defense of approaches to the gates of the team. This term completely supplanted its foreign counterpart “back” (English back - “back”) from domestic football in the early thirties, adding to the Soviet dictionary of football terms. In addition to the duties of stopping the attacking enemy, the function also includes the ability to quickly switch from defense to attack, help your team force the attack and score the ball into the opponent’s goal. For almost sixty years, two defenders guarded the gate, then new tactics appeared, three defenders became, and after about a quarter of a century their number increased to four. In modern football, two extreme (right and left) and two central.
There are also various football terms in Russian with translation into English. For example, terms such as “defender,” “free defender,” or “sweeper” are synonyms for the same term sweeper in English.
The words “goalkeeper” and “goalkeeper” are likewise not the designations of different players, but are synonymous words. In English - goalkeeper.
Rappana Castle
Football terms and their meanings vary by country and sports club. Some should be addressed separately. For example, the "castle of Rappana."
A glossary of football terms describes how a tactical maneuver of this name was first used by the Austrian coach Karl Rappan. The principle of the technique was to build four forwards in a line of attack at once, to which one or two players joined during the development of the attack.
According to Rappan, tactics were universal both for defense and for attack. Brilliant victories in the Swiss championship in 1933 and 1934 speak of the effectiveness of tactics. Since 1935, Karl Rappan is known as an outstanding coach of the Swiss club Grasshoppers. For thirteen years, the club has won first place in the Swiss championship five times.
Outside of Switzerland, the "Rappana Castle" became known for victories over the teams of Germany, France and England in 1934 and 1935. Since then, this concept has been applied to terms of an international character.
Gradually, other football teams began to apply the tactics of “Rappan Castle”, and in 1938, Dory Kirchner, who emigrated to Brazil, taught the maneuver of South American football players. It is believed that the "castle of Rappana" is the source of the modern Brazilian system.
Football player's vision
Special mention deserves such an important factor as vision in football. The term "football player’s vision" implies the ability to quickly assess the situation on the field and respond to it with lightning speed.
Scientists who have conducted research on vision in people involved in various sports have revealed that football players are able to cover a much larger area with their eyes than others. This is due to constant eye training: a ball rapidly moving across the field requires constant concentration of attention, and the situation in the game leads to the fact that the pupils are often in motion.
Therefore, football helps to improve vision and develops the ability to cover a large area with your eyes.
The history of football also knows athletes with poor eyesight. The Dutch player Edgar Davids was injured in the right eye in 1995. Specially made glasses helped keep Davids in the big sport, which eventually became an integral part of the image of this football player. Thanks to them, Davids repeatedly became the champion of Italy in the composition of Juventus. And one of the companies specializing in optics has signed a multi-million dollar advertising contract with the player.
Conclusion
You can talk about football and terms forever, because this sport has become very firmly entrenched in the life of modern society. The terms football become obsolete over time and go out of use, others replace them. Some terms manage to constantly remain in their places, then they are so densely cut into human memory that the fan does not even think about the origin of the word, considering the term an integral part of the national language.
It is thanks to this that many terms have survived for almost a century and have survived to our days in their original form.
However, everything tends to change - both the sport itself, and the rules and terms. Perhaps tomorrow a series of amendments will eliminate some aspect in football (or toughen it up), and the usual fan terms will have to say goodbye, the most famous football terms will go away, and new definitions will replace them. Or the place will remain empty, and you will only have to remember the words.
In any case, football will not stop attracting the attention of fans from around the world, because from ancient times to this day it has been one of the most spectacular events.