At school, children learn many rules of the Russian language. But in adulthood, unfortunately, most people simply do not use them. Because of this, many mistakes are made not only in written speech, but also in oral. But you must admit that it is very unpleasant when an adult speaks or writes absolutely illiterate.
There are people who find it difficult to learn the Russian language, even if they make a lot of effort. And there are those who write and read right away, practically without relying on theoretical material.
If you recognize yourself in the first example: don't be discouraged! Today's article will be a good support for repeating the school curriculum. Maybe what is not learned in your head in adolescence, now it seems easy material.
Today's topic: the rules for writing adverbs, their role in Russian and methods of education. It is fair to say that this is one of the most difficult sections studied at school.
If you feel that you have a huge gap in knowledge of this topic, then after reading the article carefully, you can refresh your memory and repeat the long-forgotten.
Adverb as part of speech
The first thing to remember: the adverb does not change either in numbers, or in gender, or in cases. Therefore, he has no ending. The dialect answers many questions (how, how, how much, when, where, why, etc.), depending on its meaning.
This part of speech indicates a sign of action. Its meaning depends solely on the question to which it answers. Often an adverb is confused with an adjective. But this is a mistake! Indeed, unlike an adverb, an adjective has an ending, and it varies by gender, number and case. On this basis, they are very easy to distinguish, the main thing is to be careful.
Adverb History
An adverb is unique and one of the most interesting parts of speech to study. The roots of its history originate from ancient times. Previously, the number of dialects was very small, but over time their number increased. This part of speech is increasingly used by people, making oral and written speech richer and more interesting.
Parsing the theme of an adverb, I want to stop a bit and talk about the history of its formation. It is interesting that this independent part of speech appeared in the Old Russian language. The word “adverb” is originally formed from two parts: “on” and “speech”. The second expression used to have many meanings, but one of them that fits the meaning was a “verb”. Therefore, if it is very simple to interpret the combination of the two parts of the word “dialect”, then in a free translation into the Old Russian language you will get a “verb”. This only confirms the rather deep and inextricable connection in modern Russian between an adverb and a verb.
It turns out that since ancient times, people who were studying the language saw the main function of the adverb to refine the verb. In a sense, their relationship is similar to a combination of a noun and an adjective, where the second part of the speech also colors the first in bright colors and gives it imagery, clarity and beauty.
I would like to note that according to many sources, the dialect appeared later than other parts of speech. And thanks to its borrowing of suffixes and prefixes from adjectives and nouns, over time it became new words.
Now our language is actively replenished with adverbs. If you compare their number in the same Old Russian language with what is now, the difference will be huge. Adverbs are actively formed from other parts of speech, decorating and enriching our language.
Adverb formation methods
How are dialects formed? This part of speech can be formed from a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a noun and a numeral. Often it is this topic, highlighted in bold in textbooks, that gives schoolchildren the greatest amount of problems. But if you look carefully, then everything is not so complicated. But for this it is necessary to consider each of the ways of forming adverbs.
Adverbial way to form adverbs
In this case, adverbs are formed from other adverbs using prefixes: not, in, on, from, to, nor.
For example: long - short, where - nowhere, there - from there.
Suffix adverbs
In this case, an adverb is formed:
- from adjectives using the suffix ––;
- from the verb using the suffixes -yuchi -, - learn, -a -, - i-;
- from a high-quality adjective using the suffixes –––, ––––.
Examples of words of an adverb formed by:
- from adjectives: creative - creatively, friendly - friendly;
- from the verb: play - playfully, do - doing, play - playing;
- from a quality adjective: sincere - sincerely, defiant - defiant.
Prefix-suffixal way of forming adverbs
In this case, an adverb is formed:
- from the basics of adjectives using the prefix is-, is-, to-, s, co and suffix -a-;
- from the basics of adjectives using the prefix -, - ,- and suffix ––;
- from adjectives and pronouns in the dative case with the help of the prefix of po- and suffixes -omu-, -emu-;
- from adjectives ending in –ki, –ski with the help of the prefix– and suffix ––;
- from nouns with the prefixes na-, b-, s-, p-, is- and suffixes ––, ––, ––;
- from numerals with the help of the prefixes -, , - and suffixes ––, ––, –em–, –––, –––.
Adverb examples of words:
- far - from afar, well-fed - to satiety, light - slightly;
- left - to the left, new - anew, - right - to the right;
- ours is our way, the other is different;
- friendly - in a friendly way, Indian - in an Indian way;
- morning in the morning, earth on the ground;
- the second - secondly, two - together, seven - in full measure.
Addition - a way to form adverbs
In this case, an adverb is formed from the addition of the two foundations of words, sometimes a suffix is added to them.
Consider examples of adverb words: walks by - in passing, this hour - now.
Transition from another part of speech
An adverb can also be formed on behalf of a noun.
Examples of adverb words: a little bit, a little, a step.
After reading all these points, do not be alarmed. It is best to make yourself a separate memo in the form of a tablet and come up with your own examples. This will help you remember the rules, and also make your brain more active than cramming.
Adverbs in a sentence
Now it has become clearer how adverbs are formed. A lot of examples were given for this. It is worth noting that the most common dialect formation in Russian is the final derivative word from adjectives and participles. They are most often used in written and spoken language.
At school, in the lessons of Russian students, they learn how to use adverbs in a sentence correctly, as well as find them and emphasize them with a certain line. If you understand this topic, then sometimes it is even fun. If you don’t remember anything at all, now refresh your knowledge and repeat the rules for using adverbs as members of a sentence.
Depending on the structure of the sentence, an adverb can play in it both the main and secondary role. But its most common role is the circumstance of different types. In the sentence, it is underlined with a dotted line with a dot. Sometimes an adverb can act as a definition. But never predicate! Although many often confuse an adverb with a verb and thereby make a mistake.
Spelling
After the basic rules of adverbs have been thoroughly analyzed, it's time to talk about their spelling. This is one of the most difficult topics in this category.
Spelling of dialects is directly related to how they are formed. Here you can select several points, each of which will be analyzed in detail:
- Spelling suffixes of adverbs.
- Combined and separate spelling of adverbs.
- Spelling adverbs through a hyphen.
Adverb suffixes
At the end of adverbs formed from adjectives:
- after solid consonants, the letter “o” is written (for example: small - finely);
- after soft consonants - “e” (for example: extreme - extreme).
After sizzling at the end of the dialects it is written:
- under stress - “o” (for example: fresh, good);
- without stress - “e” (for example: exciting, ominous).
At the end of adverbs, which are formed from short adjectives:
- after prefixes: from-, is- ,-, s-, s- it is written “a” (for example: from afar, occasionally);
- after prefixes: na, za, v- the ending “o” is used. (e.g. left).
At the end of an adverb after sizzling is written "b". For example: swipe.
For adverbs with the prefix, the ending “u” is used. For example: for a long time.
Hyphenation of adverbs
Adverbs are hyphenated if they:
- are formed from adjectives using the prefix po- and suffixes -omu-, -emu- ,-- (for example: pike, in English);
- formed from ordinal numerals using the prefixes v-, v- and suffixes -vy-, -ikh- (for example: thirdly, secondly);
- educated by repeating one word (for example: barely, a little);
- they are transformed with the help of the prefix of something and postfixes - something, something, something - (for example: something, somehow).
Separate and fused spelling
It is not easy to understand the conditions for a continuous and separate spelling of adverbs. After all, a huge number of rules are simply mixed in the head. And at the right time, sometimes you just can’t remember the right one. There is only one way out: to repeat diligently and try to remember.
Adverbs are written together if they:
- descended from other dialects using various prefixes (for example: quickly - not fast);
- formed from the numerals using the prefixes na, v- (for example: three - three times, two - in two);
- formed by a combination of a preposition and a pronoun (for example: therefore, at all).
Adverbs are written separately if they:
- formed from the numeral using the preposition po- and suffix -e (for example: three in a row);
- descended from the numerals, which are repeated with a preposition between them (for example: three for three);
- are formed from numerals ending in -ih-, -yh- and preposition (for example: for five, for seven).
Interesting Adverb Facts
Finally, we can dwell on interesting facts related to the dialect. Perhaps they will be best remembered by you and in the future will help to show off your knowledge in a lesson in front of a teacher, classmates or just in a conversation.
- In the Russian dictionary, the longest adverb is the word "unsatisfactory." It consists of 19 letters and more than it has not yet been fixed.
- Some dialects do not obey any rules and you just need to remember them. For example, such a sentence: "Race racing." In it, the preposition with an adverb is written together. And here is another example: "Hurry and drink tea on the go." Here, on the contrary, the preposition with an adverb is written separately. Such examples are worth remembering. And these are just a few of them.
Total
So, in this article the topic was studied in detail: adverbs and their spelling. Undoubtedly, this material is rather complicated for understanding and assimilation of information. Perhaps the first time you will not be able to understand everything. But for this, this article exists to be your support and reliable source for knowledge in this topic.
Definitely an adverb is one of the most difficult parts of speech, especially when it comes to writing. Try to learn the basic rules, and if controversial situations arise, often look in the dictionary. Better than making mistakes.
Do not neglect the general rules of the Russian language, devote them to studying at least a little time. This is especially true for those who often make spelling mistakes.
Be sure that literate people are not just scholars and crampons at school. After all, an educated person is respected in society, and is also highly valued by superiors at prestigious jobs, even if your profession is not connected with language learning.
In addition, every Russian person needs to know the basic rules of the dialects on which all our speech is based. After all, sometimes foreigners know Russian better than the native Slavs. From this it becomes very sad and a little ashamed of their fellow countrymen, and all because many lack a little hard work, which is very sad!