The well-being of the population and its material well-being directly depend on the state of households. Currently, the rural household is considered a mass economic entity, and the state is also paying attention to it, offering small farms privileges and financial benefits. It is the household in the modern market economy that is considered an indicator of social policy, and therefore deserves close attention from government agencies.
What is a household?
Let's try to figure out what a household is, what are its distinguishing features. This is a multifaceted phenomenon that applies to all spheres of life in modern society. Interest in the household is shown by:
- jurists;
- teachers of educational institutions;
- representatives of statistical services;
- sociologists;
- economists;
- famous politicians.
Studying and housekeeping is a state task, especially relevant in modern economic realities. Interest in the household is due to the difficult demographic situation in the country, the numerous problems of rural areas. In our country there are many empty lands that potential farmers are trying to master.
Household Types
The first records of housekeeping are found in the pipes of the ancient Athenian thinker Xenophon (430-355 BC). The philosopher described the basic functions of the household, proposed the cultivation of crops, and talked about gardening.
Aristotle did not stand aside from this problem either, it was he who introduced the term “economy” as an analogue of a household, and housekeeping was theoretically justified. Aristotle set the main goal of his personal economy to make profit and increase wealth.
Household history
In 1861, the Swiss historian I. Bachofen published the book Maternal Law, which began the study of households. In it, the Swiss described the basic rules of housekeeping, made conclusions about the importance of economics.
Home improvement has come a long evolutionary path associated with the development of land tenure.
So what is household? This is the activity of a family, a group of people, a specific person who live in a particular area, to provide themselves with all the products necessary for a normal life. In such an economy, a leader who is a leader is selected. He solves issues related to business problems and responsibilities. It is the owner who makes the decisions of the material plan, on it lies the responsibility for improving the welfare of all members of the economy. Basically, relatives, friends, acquaintances come together to conduct joint activities. Currently, there are different households, in the economy they have already managed to show their relevance and need.
Household Types
There are such options:
- family household;
- transnational household.
If the first option involves the cohabitation of all family members, then in the second case, the representatives of the household can live in different countries, have material relations with each other.
Household functions
Such a structure helps to maintain a commonality of interests, family ties, interests. In order to understand what a household is, it is necessary to list its main functions:
- reproduction of labor resources (birth and upbringing of children);
- creation of human capital;
- sociality (support for disabled family members);
- creating interpersonal relationships;
- meeting the individual needs of each family member;
- saving and accumulation of values (material, spiritual);
- development of entrepreneurial skills.
In addition to property, the property of the household is land, cash, labor. Some household expenses are offset by in-kind exchange. The household decides most of the needs as a result of economic transactions with other households.
Any households in the economy play an important role, contribute to the use of land resources, employment of residents. This segment involves the formation, formation of personality, the development of material and spiritual needs of individual families. The basic rules of housekeeping are inextricably linked with labor morality and social norms. It represents a link between the labor market, consumer goods, and the financial market.
Household Characteristics
In order to understand what a household is, we note that economists have developed certain features for it:
- maximum profit for all members of the community;
- Team work;
- arrangement of life.
Household Types
Professionals distinguish five farm options, given the family ties between family members.
- The first type will be a farm in which there is only one owner.
- The second type of household connects close relatives with no marriage obligations.
- The third type of household is organized by a married couple with children.
- In the fourth type, in addition to a married couple, there may be other relatives.
- The fifth option involves large-scale multi-family farming, which consists of several families.
Household Classification Options
All households are divided according to the following criteria:
- demographic trait assuming non-family and family households, number of members, age and gender traits;
- territorial and regional sign relating to the nature of housing, the availability of transport, the size of the land;
- profitability per person taking into account all types of income received;
- an economic sign associated with the type of employment, the focus of the enterprise;
- labor sign, implying the number of employees, their professional training;
- social attribute related to family income.
The Importance of Households in a Market Economy
It allows you to provide the necessary level of consumer demand, without which the mechanisms of the functioning of the economic market are impossible. Household consumption is associated with cash investments, helps the functioning of the banking system. Such farms are capable of being factors of production; they enable ordinary people to develop their entrepreneurial abilities.
Any household closely cooperates with other options of economic entities:
- the market for services and consumer goods;
- market of factors of production;
- financial market.
Example households for schoolchildren
Carrying out the practical lesson “Household” (grade 6), the teacher notes the importance of each member of the household, a clear distribution of rights and responsibilities between them. As the simplest example of a home business, which can be told to schoolchildren, let us cite the cultivation of vegetables (potatoes). This type of business is suitable for families living in rural areas. What should children be told about?
The teacher explains to the guys the purpose of this business, its features. Children will learn about the types of soil that is suitable for potato cultivation. Working in groups, students offer their business plans, are trained in initial financial literacy. The teacher talks about the possible financial risks of growing this crop, about ways to store potatoes. GEF require each student to carry out project or research activities, you can make a project on the basis of your own household.
Housekeeping for girls
Despite the many reforms that are being carried out in the modern education system, girls still receive skills in housekeeping in the classes of service workers. Future housewives receive initial information on family budget planning, learn to calculate their monthly budget. In addition, at labor lessons, girls learn the basics of cooking, translate recipes into reality, learn to embroider, sew, knit.
GEF involves the development, implementation, and presentation by girls of their own project. Most often, it is based on the household. For example, a technology project in grade 5 may be associated with the creation of a beautiful lace doily. The girl can give the finished product to her mother, grandmother, or to sell it at the school fair, having received material compensation for her work. In the course of such activities, children learn the basics of entrepreneurship, which will help them in the future to create a successful own household.
Conclusion
Since ancient times, man has been housekeeping, providing himself, his family with food, clothing. Much time has passed since then, but the relevance of the household has not diminished. In order to survive in difficult economic realities, many families move from large cities to the countryside.
Among the most common types of households that generate good income, we can single out cattle breeding, as well as bird breeding. For example, raising and raising sheep not only brings good income, but can also become a real launching pad for large businesses. Households are practically no different from a large industrial enterprise. The structure of business organization, the method of selling products, the desire to get the maximum profit from sales are typical of both a small farm and a large company.
The main difference of a household is its small size, the use of labor of relatives and friends. Nowadays, the household in the financial market these days is not limited to the simple use of cash savings, it involves a more serious relationship with financial institutions. Loans received by small farmers give them the opportunity to grow.
Households focused on growing their own products not only help people survive in difficult economic conditions, but also give hope for tomorrow.