In Russian lessons, very little time is devoted to how to plan the text. And in vain, because this is a really useful skill that will come in handy not only when writing expositions and essays, but also in other subjects. A well-designed plan will help to refresh key moments and logical connections in memory, to better understand the material.
Definition
The plan is a list of key thoughts that reveal the content of the text, the sequence of facts and the logical connections between them. Simply put, these are short notes, looking at which, you can easily restore the text in memory, and ideally - retell without confusing anything. The plan is often called the "skeleton" of the work - what remains if you remove all unnecessary details, details and artistic techniques.
Plan types
So, our task is to convey the essence of the text. However, you can write down key thoughts in different ways: in your own words or with the help of quotations, monosyllabic or more detailed. With this in mind, it is customary to distinguish 5 types of text plan.
| A type | Features | Example |
| Thesis | Compressed conveys the meaning of each part of the text. Contains a large number of verbs. | - Three little pigs were built for themselves around the house.
- A wolf came and blew houses of straw and brushwood.
- Piglets hid with a brother who was not lazy and made a house of stone.
- The wolf could not break the third house, burned himself in the chimney and fled.
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| Name-calling | Based on short abstracts with a large number of nouns and adjectives. | - The houses of three piglets.
- Wolf attack. Destruction of straw houses and branches.
- Salvation in a stone house.
- Victory over the wolf.
|
| Question | Each item is a question for a specific part of the text. By answering them, you can completely restore the content. | - What kind of houses were the three piglets?
- Why did the wolf easily break two houses?
- How did the pigs escape?
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| Reference circuit | A mini-summary of keywords and extracts of sentences that help convey the meaning of the text. | - Three little pigs build houses: from straw (Nif-Nif), branches (Nuf-Nuf) and stone (Naf-Naf).
- Meeting with a hungry wolf in the forest, chasing.
- Wolf breaks houses from straw and branches (blowing).
- Shelter in the stone “fortress” of Naf-Naf.
- The wolf cannot break, wants to crawl into the chimney.
- Victory over the wolf (they heat the cauldron, the wolf burns and runs away).
|
| Combined | Combines several types. | - Piglets build houses (straw, brushwood, stone). Why did Nif-Nif and Nuf-Nuf laugh at Naf-Naf?
- Meeting with the wolf.
- What happened to the houses of Nif-Nif and Nuf-Nuf?
- Piglets run away to Naf-Naf and hide at him (“No beast in the world will open this door”).
- The wolf cannot destroy the stone house and decides: “I will get into the house through the pipe.”
- Piglets are heating the boiler. The wolf burns, flies back and runs into the forest.
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Speaking about how to draw up a plan of the text, first of all, you need to decide on its appearance. For oral retelling, for example, theses and supporting schemes are more suitable, and questions can be safely used for writing or analysis.
Simple and complex plans
The next question to ask yourself is how important are the details? If you can omit them, and convey the essence of the material in your own words, you can limit yourself to a simple plan of 3-5 points.
And how to draw up a plan of the text in order to recreate the full picture, maximally reveal the plot and all the nuances? In this case, each of the main blocks should be further divided into 3-4 subparagraphs. Here's what it looks like:
| Simple plan | Complex plan |
1) Cinderella's life in a new family. 2) Preparing stepmother and sisters for the ball. 3) The appearance of the fairy godmother. 4) Cinderella in the palace. Meeting with the prince. 5) Escape from the castle. Loss of crystal slipper. 6) The Prince in search of Cinderella. 7) Decoupling. The meeting of lovers. The wedding of Cinderella and the prince. | 1) Cinderella's life in a new family. - Why did the heroine's father decide to marry again?
- The attitude of the stepmother and stepsisters to the girl.
- How did the nickname “Cinderella” come about?
2) Preparing for the ball.- Why did the sisters want to go to the ball.
- What did the stepmother prevent Cinderella from messing around?
- The heroine’s thoughts when she was left alone.
3) The appearance of the fairy godmother ... etc. |
Learning how to plan a text using a fairy tale
In fact, the most difficult thing is to learn how to break a complete story into semantic blocks. How to plan the text? Let's look at this process using the example of the fairy tale "The Ugly Duckling" by H. H. Andersen.
1. Read the material carefully.
2. Highlight and jot down the main idea of ​​the work.
Example:
"Everyone around laughed and mocked the ugly duckling, but he withstood all the trials and turned into a beautiful swan, leaving them behind."
3. Divide the text into logical blocks. It is most convenient to mark their borders with a pencil.
4. Reread the first part and highlight key events / facts / thoughts. Try to convey the essence of one sentence.
Example:
"A young duck hatches eggs. A huge ugly chick hatch with ducklings."
5. In the same way, analyze and title each semantic segment of the text.
Examples:
- "The family and other birds mock the duckling, which is not like everyone else."
- "Escape from the yard and life in the swamp. Acquaintance with wild ducks and gander."
- "Meeting with the hunters", etc.
6. Write all the abstracts in a column and re-read. Make sure that the plan accurately conveys the content of the text, and you did not miss any episode.
Understanding how to plan the text is not difficult. But in order to learn how to write them correctly, fit in a short thesis maximum information.
Plan analysis
The next point on which you need to stop to figure out how to make a plan of the text are examples of the most common mistakes that students make. Be sure to review your work. What to look for?
- Informational content . The points should not be too generalized (for example, just the "Ugly Duckling" will not tell you anything).
- Length . The descriptions should not be too detailed - only those details that are necessary for understanding the subject, idea and logic of the text should be mentioned in the plan.
- Proportionality . It is desirable that the points are the same. Too short should be removed or combined with more detailed ones.
- Structure . The plan must attend the introduction and conclusion.
- Sequence . Each item should flow logically from the previous one.
- Wording . They should not be repeated or layered in content on neighboring abstracts.
- The logic . It is important that you plan to present the cause and effect and other relationships between the blocks ("Because of ... it happened ... that led to ...").
The best test is to give the plan a "rest" for a couple of days (or at least hours), and then, using only it, try to retell the text as close to the original as possible.
Useful Tips
Now that you know how to plan the text in Russian, it's time to talk about small tricks that will help you cope with the task faster and better.
- To highlight the semantic blocks, focus on the paragraphs - as a rule, each contains one complete thought.
- Highlight the vivid images that are most remembered, and try to use them in the headlines.
- Work on the design. For main points, simple numbering (1, 2, 3) is usually used, and for subparagraphs, double (1.1, 1.2, 1.3) or letters (a, b, c).
- If you can’t come up with a headline, look at what words / terms are used in this fragment most often and build on this.
- A draft version of the plan needs to be drafted already at the first reading, when you follow the author’s thought more closely and notice the boundaries of thoughts.
Remember that a lot depends on what you are writing the plan for. On the control, you can simply list the main topics that are revealed in the text. But if you do this for yourself, in order to better learn and remember the material, it is better not to be too lazy and make a complex plan, noting important details.