Sanitary-educational work is a set of activities whose purpose is the prevention of diseases, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle, maintaining health, increasing labor, physical and intellectual activity, extending the life of every citizen of Russia. Propaganda, propaganda, educational and educational methods are used to promote ideas and convey knowledge.
Main directions
Sanitary-educational work, as a branch of medicine, is formed taking into account the achievements and experience of sociology, pedagogy, and also psychology. The practical implementation of the tasks is carried out in accessible ways, covering the maximum number of citizens - mass media created on the basis of clinics of the "school of health", public universities, printed materials, lectures and oral education in every medical institution.
Conducting sanitary-educational work is carried out through agitation and education in the following areas:
- Popularization of methods, methods of a healthy lifestyle and preventive measures through propaganda, education, personal example, persuasion.
- Training, education of hygienic habits from an early age.
- Advocacy, implementation and appeal of the target audience to maintain a healthy lifestyle, replenish knowledge of disease prevention, ways to maintain health.
The methods of sanitary-educational work are passive and active.
Asset, liability, mass and targeting
Passive media include print media of mass distribution among the population, the placement of leaflets, posters, newsletters, thematic exhibitions, and film screenings. Active methods are personal conversations of a doctor, public speaking, a series of lectures or reports. Both forms of sanitary-educational work complement each other and allow to convey information to the mass consciousness in an undistorted form.
The advantages of active propaganda are direct contacts with the population, the ability to resolve all difficulties in understanding, to convey information in full in the form of a direct dialogue. But in this case, the lecturer deals only with a limited number of students who, only as they wish, will spread the word further.
Passive-form sanitary-educational work has no time limits and quantitative audience coverage. The disadvantage is the lack of direct contact with the population, the inability to receive feedback in response to the measures taken.
Health education is divided into forms of coverage - mass, collective and individual. Mass coverage includes the publication of books, printing of articles in the periodical press (newspapers, magazines), appearances of popular speakers on television and the creation of thematic programs, production of documentaries and feature films, and appearances on the radio.
To disseminate information in the team, lectures, reports, specialized literature (bulletins), posters for placement in institutions on the walls, etc. are used. Individual form - personal conversations of a medical worker with a person or family.
Agitation or propaganda
Sanitary-educational work is carried out through propaganda or propaganda methods of disseminating information to attract the attention of the population and receive a positive reaction. Campaigning is an address appeal to a specific target audience - adolescents, children, clerks, housewives, workers, etc.
Propaganda focuses on any subject, such as hand hygiene. Attention is focused on all sides of the usefulness of the procedure, the means to achieve the optimal result, the reasons for which it is necessary to adhere to hand hygiene, threats, if they are neglected. In a word, propaganda provides complete information about an object or action with an emphasis on the usefulness of the proposed measures, encourages action in accordance with the recommendations.
Common topics
Sanitary-educational work with patients is carried out in all types of medical and preventive institutions. Each organization draws up its own action plan, depending on its profile, taking into account the goals and objectives pursued.
The topics of sanitary-educational work in each clinic vary, but there is a certain general range of problems that is covered in lectures and discussions:
- The mode of work and rest.
- Emotions and their impact on well-being, health in general.
- The harm of smoking, methods of refusal.
- Alcohol addiction and methods of cure.
- Nutrition - rationality, mode, diet.
- Intestinal infections - occurrence, prevention.
- Vitamins - their meaning, effect on the body.
- Prevention of cardiovascular disease.
- Prevention of peptic ulcer disease.
- Obesity - the occurrence, treatment, prevention.
- Cancer Prevention.
- Prevention of allergic lesions.
- Problems of HIV / AIDS.
- The role of physical education and sport.
- The consequences of an abortion.
- Prevention of bad habits at puberty.
- Hypodynamia and its detrimental to health.
- Stress - consequences and methods of prevention.
- The basics of a healthy lifestyle and others.
Conversations and lectures are held with groups of patients (20-30 people). The event ends after the audience receives all the answers to the questions given on the topic of the lecture. All educational activities of the personnel of a medical institution are recorded in the register of sanitary-educational work (form No. 038-0 / y). The types of work, the number of hours, the person in charge, the topic of the lecture, conversation, discussion are recorded.
The role of outpatient facilities
In outpatient clinics and clinics, they implement methods of sanitary-educational work in the following areas:
- Attracting the attention of the population to the prevention of diseases and the principles of hygiene, as well as involving the population in the daily implementation of sanitary and hygienic measures within the framework of their family, home, workplace, etc.
- Educational work in the environment of medical examination and observation of them in the dynamics of development.
During preventive examinations, short-term, enhanced measures of informing the population are used to attract more participants. In the agitation, the role of the medical examination is indicated, its significance for each person, the conviction of its undeniable utility is transmitted. The goal is a positive attitude of the population to preventive examinations and an active desire to take part in them.
The rest of the time, sanitary-educational work in medical institutions of this type is aimed at reaching a healthy population, patients with chronic pathologies, and people with a potential risk of a disease. A healthy part of visitors is oriented towards maintaining their existing state and strengthening immunity. Recommendations of a hygienic nature are given in relation to work, rest, sports, nutrition, and giving up bad habits.
Individual patients are held with patients at risk of any disease, the first symptoms and signs of the onset of the disease are told. The specialist reinforces his words with thematic printed materials - memos, booklets, which contain specific tips to address the causes, factors that constitute a threat to health. Patients are also invited to collective events - lectures, discussions, watching special films.
The most common types of diseases today include overweight, hypertension, alcoholism, prediabetic state. Patients outline a circle of problems leading to the onset of the disease - physical inactivity, bad habits, eating disorders, disturbances in the balance of work and rest, stress, etc.
Sanitary-educational work with this contingent is aimed at changing habits, developing reasonable behavior, and the practical development of a healthy lifestyle. The speedy recovery, improvement of the condition, elimination of the threat of the appearance of pathology depends on the positive changes that have occurred and the patient's own efforts, to a greater extent than on the efforts of the medical worker.
Hospital education
Sanitary-educational work in hospitals of a stationary type is carried out with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of the treatment of diseases and instilling hygienic skills in patients. To achieve results, the departments inform the population about the following:
- The rules of conduct in the department for patients and visitors. Features of the patient’s behavior after discharge from the hospital, measures to prevent exacerbation and the development of the disease. When informing, the need for a complete understanding by the patient of the nature of his disease, its course, condition is taken into account.
- General medical and hygiene issues are highlighted, the interest of which in patients is increasing.
All topics of sanitary-educational work are discussed in conversations with the patient at each stage of his stay in the hospital:
- In the reception department they talk about the rules of conduct in the institution, a memo is presented where the daily routine is indicated, the requirements for the patient are described.
- An individual conversation is conducted in the room or the entire group of patients in the room is involved.
- In their free time from the procedures, discussions are held with patients in common lounges. This uses visual aids, slides, illustrations with basic medical information, recommendations.
- At discharge, the doctor conducts a personal conversation, gives the patient a memo about the behavior, gives recommendations for further prevention, rehabilitation.
Patients with chronic diseases are informed about the causes of the pathology that has arisen, and they are given practical advice on self-help measures. The patient should know and be guided in the signs of the onset of exacerbation of his condition in order to be able to take primary measures before the arrival of the doctor. The main audience of such lectures are patients suffering from cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma and a number of other pathologies.
Nursing Enlightenment
Sanitary-educational work of a nurse begins from the moment a patient enters a medical institution and lasts throughout the entire period of his treatment or diagnosis. The main tasks of the nursing staff are:
- Recommendations to the patient in preparation for research.
- Explanatory conversations with the patient and his relatives, accompanying persons.
- Conducting surveys, questioning of patients, participation in the planning of sanitary-educational measures.
- Keeping records and document management of each lesson, lecture, individual or collective conversation.
Sanitary-educational work of a nurse is based on knowledge:
- Fundamentals of occupational health, recreation, mental hygiene and the prevention of psychological conditions.
- Risk factors and methods for preventing the spread of diseases.
- The basics of physical activity, culture, hardening, the optimal regime of physical activity for each age group of the population.
- Fundamentals of the problems of drug addiction, alcoholism, substance abuse, drug abuse.
- Issues of household hygiene, personal hygiene, environmental and radiation culture.
Nurse's working methods
In the activities of a nurse, various methods of organizing health education work to disseminate knowledge and information are welcome. The main way is to talk on all the problems of interest to patients, as well as discuss self-help in cases of exacerbation of the disease. For the full delivery of information from the text, complex phrases and incomprehensible terms to a wide circle of listeners are excluded.
The structure of the conversation includes an introductory part, where the topic is announced and its importance, the main part provides factual material, the problem or question is examined from different angles, the final part is devoted to the conclusions. The duration of the conversation in the nurse’s sanitary-educational work is no more than 20 minutes, after the conversation it is necessary to answer all the questions that the listeners have. Before the conversation, an abstract is written or an abstract is dedicated (peer-reviewed by a doctor).
The topics of the nurse’s sanitary-educational work are selected depending on the department’s profile, seasonal diseases, the interest shown by patients, the level of education and the age category of the patient.
Education for women
Sanitary education among the female population is differentiated by age and is divided into work with healthy individuals, women at risk and patients with gynecological diagnoses. Work is carried out both with groups of visitors and individually. Patients are given booklets for further study with her husband.
Women of reproductive age are agitated to lead a healthy lifestyle. They talk about motherhood, family planning, present knowledge about medical and genetic research in order to prevent hereditary or genetic pathologies in the unborn child. Also, medical workers pay attention to women's awareness of the methods of preventing an unwanted pregnancy, gynecological diseases, and explain the dangers of abortion. They call for regular gynecological examinations and the appearance of a specialist during pregnancy.
Patients with diagnosed diseases are given additional recommendations for further behavior with a view to a speedy recovery. Each visitor is introduced to cancer prevention information.
Women of the older age group are told about the features of menopause and menopause, hygiene issues are widely covered in this period, and preventive measures for age-related gynecological diseases, including cancer, are recommended.
Work with pregnant women is carried out throughout the entire period of gestation. The woman is taught behavioral knowledge, skills that contribute to the health of the mother and child, the preservation and successful resolution of pregnancy. Specialists individually and in collective lectures talk about behavior during childbirth, in the postpartum period, provide knowledge about caring for the baby from the first hours of his life, and promote breastfeeding.
Printed material is issued to expectant mothers, where information on hygienic behavior in each period of pregnancy and childbirth is systematized. Educational work is also carried out with the relatives of the woman, primarily with the future father.
Education in child care facilities
In children's medical institutions, health education is carried out with parents and other family members, as well as a set of activities designed for school teachers and preschool teachers.
The tasks include:
- Dissemination of knowledge about child health.
- Formation of the need for annual child examinations.
- Formation of the willingness to seek medical help, as well as rigorous implementation of doctor's recommendations for the speedy recovery of the child.
- The inculcation of knowledge and skills to create optimal living conditions conducive to the healthy development of the child.
- Calls for healthy hygiene habits in children.
The basis of family hygiene education is the sequence of presentation of the necessary knowledge to ensure the health of children. An individual interview with a specialist is supported by printed materials with a detailed statement of the necessary knowledge regarding the characteristics of the child’s body in a particular age period.
In the memo for parents, recommendations on feeding, daily routine, care, physical activity, hardening procedures can be collected. The education system includes coverage of the need for professional examinations, routine vaccination, the implementation of all the recommendations of the attending physician, etc.