Consider the main types of experiments in educational psychology, currently used. Note that for any science, including pedagogy, its systematic development is necessary. Only in this case can we count on the development of new knowledge in the course of various studies and experiments.
Pedagogy methodology
Before conducting an analysis of various types of psychological and pedagogical experiment, we note that it should be evidence-based and objective. This will require certain research methods. Science and the experimenter himself rely on a system of methods and principles for organizing practical and theoretical activities, that is, are based on methodology.
It includes the main types of experiment in educational psychology, as well as the forms and procedures of cognition and modernization of educational activities.
Levels of methodological knowledge
Currently, there are four criteria that form a system of methodological knowledge:
- Philosophical (highest) level. It includes the basic laws of the development of society, nature, thinking.
- General scientific methodology.
- Specific scientific knowledge.
- Technological methodology associated with obtaining primary empirical material, its high-quality processing.
Philosophical level
This is the most complex type of pedagogical experiment, which is the basis for any methodological knowledge. In foreign pedagogy, philosophical foundations complement a variety of concepts:
- Thomism.
- Existentialism.
- Pragmatism.
- Neo-behaviorism.
In domestic pedagogy, materialistic dialectics is considered the philosophical basis. It is based on the principle of the universal interconnection of phenomena and processes, the transition to qualitative images of quantitative changes.
General scientific methodology
Many domestic educators are convinced that the basis for the formation of the human inner world is the processes of the material world.
The general scientific methodological approach in domestic pedagogy considers a systematic approach. It stimulates educational researchers to consider phenomena and objects in the form of a system that has certain laws of functioning.
The use of a similar approach in domestic education contributed to the emergence of terms such as “integrity”, “interaction”, and “pedagogical system”. For example, in the pedagogical system, a set of interrelated elements is considered: the subjects of the pedagogical process, the content of education, the material base. Thanks to the coherence of all elements, the pedagogical process becomes a full-fledged dynamic system. The goal in this case is a factor forming the system.
Specific Scientific Approaches
Considering the main types of pedagogical experiment, we dwell in more detail on the application of methodological approaches to pedagogy. Their skillful use contributes to the determination of the scientific and theoretical problem, the development of the main ways and methods of solving it, the creation and implementation of innovative technologies of pedagogical practice, the implementation of forecasting the subsequent development of pedagogical theory and practice.
How to organize pedagogical research
The types of pedagogical experiment and their characteristics are issues that are examined in detail in domestic pedagogy. Pedagogical research is the process and result of a certain scientific activity, which is aimed at acquiring new knowledge about the features of the pedagogical process, its principles, structure, content, and appropriate technologies.
We continue the conversation about what types of pedagogical experiment are. He not only explains pedagogical facts and phenomena. Depending on the direction, emit:
- Fundamental experiments, the result of which will be generalizing concepts, development of models for the development of pedagogical systems based on assumptions.
- Applied experiments designed to solve specific practical and theoretical problems.
- Developments that contribute to the justification of scientific and practical recommendations on the educational and educational process, methods and forms of organizing the activities of students and teachers.
Any type of experiment that determines the actual state of the pedagogical process involves the formulation of the problem, the choice of topics, the selection of the object and subject of research, the establishment of a hypothesis, and the choice of an algorithm of actions.
Study Quality Criteria
Among them, relevance, novelty, theoretical and practical significance can be distinguished.
It is important to choose the right type of experiment that determines the final state of the pedagogical process in order to cope with the tasks.
Relevance indicates the need to study and solve the problem for the subsequent development of the theory and practice of education.
The purpose of the study is to identify the scientific result that is important to obtain during the experiment. In its quality, the pedagogical process or an area related to education can be considered.
The hypothesis can be considered a combination of theoretically substantiated and practical conclusions, the laws of education, its content, structure, principles and technologies, which by the moment being analyzed were not yet known in pedagogical science.
Scientific novelty involves the creation of a new theoretical or practical concept, identifying patterns, building a model, developing a system.
The theoretical significance of the study lies in the formation of the concept, the identification of patterns, the identification of the principle, approach to a specific pedagogical method. What practical significance does a pedagogical experiment have? Types of it may differ, but the essence is to prepare recommendations for other teachers.
Sequence
What structure does the pedagogical experiment have? Types of it may differ, but the sequence is similar:
- Initial familiarization with the research problems, explanation of relevance, identification of the subject and object, subjects, formulation of the main goal and objectives of the planned study.
- Selection of methodology, supporting theoretical base.
- Thinking over the hypothesis of the experiment.
- Reasonable selection of research methods.
- Conducting experiments.
- Analysis, processing, processing of the results obtained in the framework of the work.
- Drawing up practical recommendations.
Working methods
How can a pedagogical experiment be conducted? Types and techniques of this work, we examined above. A pedagogical experiment is to study various phenomena in education, to obtain new information in order to establish regular relationships and relationships, and to build innovative theories.
Basic principles for selecting research methods:
- The use of various interconnected techniques, observation, sociological research.
- Correspondence of the selected methods to the essence of the study, to the capabilities of the author.
- The inadmissibility of applying methods that are contrary to morality can cause serious harm to the participants in the study.
Method classification
How to conduct a pedagogical experiment? Types and methods of work for this are divided into specific scientific and scientific.
The first group includes:
- Synthesis and analysis, concretization and abstraction, contrast, comparison, deduction, induction.
- Scaling, ranking, correlation, indexing.
- Training, testing, sociometry.
It is customary to subdivide concrete scientific methods into practical (empirical) and theoretical.
They help to carry out a pedagogical experiment. Its types and stages depend on the availability of theoretical literature, archival documents and materials, analysis and systematization of empirical information and theoretical materials. These include an analysis of the literature, terms and concepts on the subject of research, the construction of a hypothesis, and the conduct of a thought experiment. This can also include modeling, forecasting, that is, the creation of products of pedagogical and educational work.
Using empirical methods, the teacher collects material, reveals the forms and methods of educational activity.
Empirical studies include conversation, observation, questioning, interviewing, self-esteem, pedagogical consultation, testing.
They are used together with statistical and mathematical methods; they allow us to establish quantitative relationships between the phenomena under consideration.
Important aspects
Any pedagogical experiment must begin with a detailed study of the scientific literature on the problem. What books to choose for such purposes? Psychologists recommend referring to historical and pedagogical documents, as well as viewing material on related sciences: psychology, medicine.
The researcher applies a comparative historical analysis in such activities. Teachers often use modeling techniques, choosing visual-figurative characteristics for the phenomena under consideration. For example, you can draw up an educational program for working with a classroom team, armed with symbols, mathematical formulas, diagrams, drawings.
After determining the field of study, the teacher draws up a bibliography, that is, writes out the sources that will be required to conduct a full-fledged study.
As the literature is studied, the researcher annotates - briefly and concisely sets out the main content of the material in question.
Conclusion
To learn real pedagogical experience, teachers practice taking notes. After the modernization of the domestic education system, teachers are obliged to draw up not only plans for the six months and a year, but also lesson notes on the teaching discipline.
Experienced educators cannot imagine their professional activities without numerous observations and monitoring. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation annually offers all-Russian verification work in various subject areas for such activities. Psychologists and educators analyze, systematize, and generalize the results of schoolchildren performing such work.
According to the results obtained after the students' answers are completely processed, the representatives of the supervisory authorities conclude that the quality of the educational and upbringing process in a particular educational institution, region.
When observing objects, certain categories of schoolchildren, for example, adolescent children, can serve as objects. To ensure that the results are as objective and complete as possible, in addition to teachers, a school psychologist is involved in research. Testing is carried out in various forms: individual, group, collective.
In an individual study of personality characteristics, a teenager is offered a list of questions that he must give answers to.
There are special techniques according to which the results are summed up, the teacher receives certain information about the characteristics of the psyche of his pupil.
Group tests are aimed at identifying relationships between team members, establishing climate comfort in the classroom. Of course, only when conducting a variety of pedagogical experiments, the teacher gets a real idea of the students, has the opportunity to choose the best educational and educational development paths for them.