In this article we will acquaint the reader with the meaning of reservation in the broad sense of the term. Also, its types, general presentation, relationship with natural phenomena and much more will be considered.
Introduction
Redundancy is a universal principle that ensures the reliability of any type of system. Such types of systems are widely distributed and used in nature, technology and engineering.
Reservation types include:
- hardware redundancy, a vivid example of which is duplication;
- informational type of backup, for example, a technique that detects errors and correlates them;
- temporary reservation, which can be observed in the methodology of an alternative type of logic;
- software type redundancy is represented by functionally equivalent programs.
Technical systems
By definition, redundancy must be considered as a method that improves the characteristics and reliability of a particular device, mechanism. And also, with the help of this phenomenon, it is possible to maintain the device at a certain, necessary level by switching on a spare set of elements and communication. However, this is an additional maintenance measure, imposed additionally.
This concept can be considered both in a narrow sense, for example, ticket reservation, and in a wide sense, for example, the use of backup mechanisms at industrial facilities. However, in both cases, this will be a way to prevent possible malfunctions in the further development of events that would lead to a violation of the integrity of the system in the long term. The main reason for the need for backup methods of maintaining the system in a normal state is dictated by a set of requirements for state industrial safety. Reservation is also of great importance in equipment designed for military craft.
With the help of this phenomenon, the safety of nuclear power plants is ensured, which are put on a level with physical divisions and a variety of types of equipment designed to implement the most important principles of a single form of failure.
Security systems for such important facilities as nuclear power plants have a three-fold backup option. The latest Russian projects implemented during the construction of the Tianwan NPP in China have fourfold redundancy.
The element of the device related to minimized structures, providing its ability to perform work, is called basic. The backup elements are parts whose purpose is to ensure the operability of the mechanism, due to the failure of the main parts.
In a technological system, redundancy can be classified by a set of features, the main ones being the height of the redundancy level, the multiplicity, the condition of the spare elements before they are put into operation, the ability of the main and reserve parts to work together.
The failure of a part of the system in the product intended for the reserve can occur only after the main device and all spare elements of the system exit the operating state. Redundant can be called a group of elements in which the failure of one of them or even more will not lead to a breakdown of the entire system. All parts of the mechanism that can perform their functions will continue to do them, and the backup device takes care of the missing parts. This replacement method is called functional redundancy.
In accordance with the scale and unit of calculation, the following types of reservation are distinguished:
- general, in which the reserve is necessary to continue work only in cases of failure of the entire facility;
- separate, in which there is a reservation of individual parts of the object;
- private, providing for the reservation of a group of the same set of elements.
By analyzing the backup systems, a person came to the conclusion that the level of failure rate of a reserved object increases with the passage of time. Unreserved structure has the same effect of time on the probability of failure in accordance with the reserved. However, this does not indicate that the absence of a breakdown in the system and, therefore, the non-use of the reserve can justify its absence until the failure of the system. Based on the understanding of this phenomenon, it can be concluded that it makes sense to use redundancy in the systems needed for short-term operation, and a critical system must be secured using other reliable methods.
It is important to consider the peculiarity of the purpose of the backup system. This is due to the fact that the method used for a digital system with a continuous type of activity will be of little use for a system with an analog type device. Due to all this, the problem arises of creating a backup method for all systems at once.
There is a method for evaluating the effectiveness of redundancy, in which, using the coefficient responsible for improving reliability, reliability ratios are calculated:
yp = P (t) p / P (t)
ฮณQ = Q (t) / Q (t) p
In such calculations, P (t) and Q (t) - indicate the possibility of failure-free operation and the chance of failure for the reserve system.
P (t) and Q (t) are the likelihood of a failure-free operation and the probability at which a failure of a non-redundant type of system occurs.
General type
In general redundancy, stock is made immediately for the entire system. Depending on the manner in which the backup device was introduced, general redundancy can be considered on an ongoing basis and on a replacement basis. In the case of applying the general type of reserve, spare devices are connected to the main ones and remain included in them throughout the entire operating mode.
Permanent Reservation
Permanent backup is a form of stock in which there is a relatively simple construction scheme, there are no interruptions in work even in the event of a failure of an element.
An obvious drawback of a loaded reserve is the increase in energy consumption and the โagingโ of spare elements together with the main ones. As a result, the need to replace the elements of the basic composition will determine the availability of replacement and spare.
Substitution
When reserving funds, any objects that can be used to resume the system when it fails, this process can occur by replacement.
Reservation by the replacement method can be performed by another automatic system or by the human hand. In the case of automatic intervention, it is necessary that the machine performing the work has high reliability. Using manual replacement of items increases the time spent on switching. However, a high indicator of the reliability of the operator replacing the part can be taken into account when comparing the work of a person and a machine.
Separation in reservation
A separate type of redundancy provides for the introduction of an individual reserve for all parts of the system of redundant type. It is divided into general and substitute. Separate substitution is characterized by the probability of a failure in the system only if the failure in one place occurs twice. Mathematical analyzes show us that using separate redundancy will give a higher indicator of system reliability.
Relationship with biology
In biology, reservation can be traced through observation of animals. For example, the organism, whose place lies at the beginning of the food chain, uses redundancy to ensure the reproduction of the species in the plural using great fecundity. The herbivore, in a predominant number of cases, has more descendants than a predator.
Reservation is a precautionary measure that is widely used by our body. An example is the duplication of external organs (two eyes, hands, ears and nostrils). Remembering the internal organs, we can note the duplicated gonads and kidneys. The presence of this phenomenon in the body can increase its functional set of capabilities. Duplicated human eyes make it possible to realize vision in stereoscopic form.
The science that studies redundancy in living systems is called bionics.
Reservation and Organization Systems
In the organizational system, redundancy is the presence of a subject capable of fulfilling the duties of the head of an entire facility, project or enterprise, at the time of the absence of a chapter. For this, deputies are appointed to senior positions. In most cases, it is envisaged to have several deputies responsible for different functions of the leader.
Organizational systems, like the army, use the concept of stock, which in fact is the reservation of personnel.
Conclusion
The stock can be called a synonym for the word "reservation". This phenomenon is widely used by all types of living and mechanized systems and underlies many important biological phenomena and processes. There are many ways to carry out the action in question, each of which has its own specifics and significance. Reservation has an unusually huge size of the spectrum diagram of parts of all living things that it can spread to.