It is customary to call motor abilities the acquired ability to perform motor actions that arise on the basis of certain knowledge, experience and repetitions of the elements studied.
On the management side, skills are characterized by varying degrees of ownership of physical activities.
Motor skill
Motor skill is the level of mastery of the action, which is accompanied by control through thinking. Among the characteristic differences between skill and skill are the following:
- human control;
- subconscious control;
- slowness in the implementation of actions;
- the presence of a significant degree of fatigue due to uneconomical waste of energy;
- the presence of relative fragmentation of elements;
- instability;
- lack of lasting memorization.
The process of further mastery of motor actions turns the skill into a skill. Thus, motor skill is a kind of mastery of actions for which thinking is actively used. The ability to perform new elements lies in the presence of such prerequisites as the necessary amount of knowledge about the technique of execution, the availability of experience and sufficient physical fitness. Creative thinking also plays an important role in motion control processes.
Basic motor skills are characterized by the power of mastery of the technique, which is distinguished by increased concentration of attention. The concentration of thinking focuses on each element of the performed actions that are part of the movement being studied.
Skill attribute
A motor skill is, first of all, a great educational value, because it has the main thing - the activation of creative thinking, aimed at the synthesis and analysis of each movement. From the point of view of physical education, skills have different goals. On the one hand, they bring to the skills, if necessary, to achieve the perfect technique of mastery of actions. On the other hand, the development of motor skills is possible without transition to skills subsequently. In this case, they are an auxiliary factor. For example, to master the material of the school curriculum in physical education, it is enough to master the initial knowledge.
Thus, skill is the improvement of motor actions, which, when repeated, stimulates the activation of their implementation. This process is nothing more than the transition of skill into skill. This can only be achieved with the constant refinement and adjustment of movements. The result is the stability and cohesion of each performed element, and, most importantly, the emergence of an automated nature of motion control.
There are two types of motor skills:
- the first type is expressed in the implementation of holistic activity;
- the second type involves the execution of separate, different in structure and complexity of movements.
Holistic motor activity is directly related to the need to make decisions spontaneously, for example, during a game or struggle.
In this case, motor skills are based and characterized by the creative use of previously learned physical qualities and actions.
Performing separate movements, varying in complexity and structure, gradually becomes a skill. This process is accompanied by the development of actions with knowledge of the original execution technique, which leads to the gradual improvement of skills. Trained movements to automatism are of great didactic value, because they are formed as a result of the active participation of the learner and accustomed to the analysis of the essence of the tasks. The material of any compiled program should be mastered at the level of skills, since they are not only useful, but also necessary.
In the further process of mastering motor actions at the skill level with a mandatory increase in the number of repetitions, memorization of each element and action is carried out more firmly. As you memorize and master the skill gradually becomes a skill.
The concept of the formation and development of motor skill
A motor skill is a certain degree of mastery of movements, provided that they are automated. At the same time, minimal control of consciousness is carried out for the actions performed, since it is aimed exclusively at controlling the nodal components of each element: the perception of the environment and the final result. The concept of “motor skill” consists, for example, of focusing on controlling speed when running or changing terrain when moving with skis. A defining and valuable feature of motor skill is the automation of motion control. Consciousness is freed from the need for constant control over the details, which allows you to focus on the result and condition of the actions performed.
The development of motor skills depends on the following factors:
- giftedness - the presence of abilities for certain types of activity;
- motor experience - possession of certain knowledge;
- human age - in childhood, the development of movements is much faster;
- coordination - a complex technique of movement requires more time for training;
- teacher's professional skills;
- the level of awareness, activity and the presence of motivation in the student.
Motor skill is the highest level of mastery of actions, which is important in physical education, sports, training, domestic and labor activities. Acquired opportunities can last quite a long time (over several years). This is confirmed by the fact that people who have stopped playing sports can, after several years, accurately reproduce the technique of sports activities.
What are the skills
The concept of “motor skill” today is known for two types of awareness of the activities performed. First of all, we are talking about the technical side of actions, when a person takes into account all the constituent elements of movements. The second type includes the execution stage, when the elements are already mastered to some extent. In this case, basically only the goal is realized, that is, attention is directed to the result.
A motor skill is the ability to perform automated component parts of movements with awareness of purposeful activity. A special focus is not required. In this case, only consciousness is active, which affects the quality of the performance of particular actions.
The processes of physical perception are associated with the formation of motor skills. Depending on the exact conditions under which they were formed, the following types of skills can be distinguished:
- unformed, formed;
- old, young;
- complex, simple;
- complex, disparate;
- flexible, patterned.
Motor skills
The formation of skills has its own characteristics. For them, uneven and gradual development is inherent, the ostentatious dynamics of formation of which is represented graphically by A.Ts. Punin:
- "Negative acceleration" - is a steep rise in the curve at the very beginning of the learning process. Further, the rise becomes insignificant due to a slowdown in the flow of learning. This means that a person is characterized by a quick development of the basis of action, and the details require much more time. A similar type of formation is observed on the example of the study of simple motor elements, when simple movements are mastered instantly.
- "Positive acceleration" - the formation of motor skills is carried out with great difficulty due to inaccuracies and errors. Further, the growth of the quality curve rises sharply. This type of development is inherent in complex long-term actions, in which subtle outwardly qualitative changes subsequently give a big leap.
- "Plateau" - the formation of skills stands still. There is a clear delay in progression. The emergence of this process is twofold: firstly, it can cause the presence of factors inhibiting the course of improvement (illness, lack of physical fitness), and secondly, a change in the structure of a certain skill (introducing new techniques into execution tactics) can take place.
The development of motor skills has been going on since childhood, so it is important for the child to correctly lay the basics of such skills. Motor skills and motor qualities in childhood are the primary sign of the level of development of the baby. These criteria are considered leading to assess the overall development of the child.
Motor skills in children
Methods of teaching motor skills should be selected very carefully. It is important to pay special attention to the physical activity of a child aged 3 to 5 years.
It is during this age period that the formation of skills, respectively, and the skills of the child occurs, which in the future affects the general perceptions
of human consciousness. Over the course of 2 years, the development of the muscles necessary for performing movements takes place. At this age, the formation of fine motor skills and motor skills. To achieve maximum effectiveness
of the child’s
physical development , use tactics in a playful way.
Game methods of teaching motor skills allow you to influence not only the muscles, but also the child’s subconscious. This several times increases the efficiency of the used technique.
Develop common skills for preschoolers
The development of motor skills in preschool children should occur with the help of properly organized activities aimed at activating thinking, training memory, manifesting initiative, developing imagination and independence. This contributes to the formation of not only motor skills, but also patriotism, internationalism, collectivism, perseverance, determination, courage and determination. The motor skills formed by preschoolers are the foundation for improvement in the future. This makes it easier to master the more complex movements and helps to achieve high sports results in the future.
Skills gained in childhood contribute to the improvement of physical qualities and health. This allows you to strengthen the body and master the labor activities. The collective performance of physical exercises, the harmony and cohesion of all actions, the expressiveness and beauty of each movement, fluency in all parts of the body and good posture are factors that develop aesthetic needs of a person.
Features of the formation of skills in children
The development of human activity of a theoretical and practical nature is commonly called motor skills. From the point of view of pedagogical experience, such formation of motor skills in children is a very difficult process, during which it is necessary to overcome a lot of difficulties. In certain cases, it is almost impossible to achieve accuracy and differentiation in the movements performed.
There is a likelihood of developing inert skills that are not flexible enough that the child can hardly transfer to new conditions. In order to develop rational methods for teaching children skills, it is necessary to conduct in-depth psychological and physiological studies, which should be aimed at identifying the general patterns of skills formation and the age aspects of this process.
From a pedagogical point of view, it is customary to call motor skills the development of basic movements, the effectiveness of which is the substantive and structural-functional changes. Orientation of this process is based on the search for conditions, means and mechanisms of a developing environment conducive to the physical development of a person from childhood.
The lack of physical activity due to the lack of the proper level of skills significantly affects children's health and leads to abnormal changes in posture and deformation of the feet. According to studies, about 60% of diseases are laid in childhood. Motor skills at any age act as a healing factor. This is due to the fact that the correct psychological and pedagogical approach is a powerful optimizing factor, the leading side of the effectiveness of which is to increase emotional and muscle tone.
It is customary to call motor activity in any form, which constitutes the age-related capabilities of the child and represents a healing factor, as motor skills. This explains the high efficiency of various forms and methods of conducting classes, which are based on the overall effect on the children's body in combination with physical exercises.
Improving motor skills
There are many tools with which you can improve motor skills in children.
Among the wide range of features, the following should be highlighted:
- systematic physical education classes;
- various outdoor games;
- daily excursions and walks;
- planned physical minutes during training sessions;
- sports activities and holidays.
The methodology for the development of skills includes conducting continuous, socially-organized close-knit work of the family and preschool institutions. An important role in this process is the purposefulness, consistency and consistency of using a variety of development paths and the formation of physical qualities. These include the daily routine, hardening, exercise, personal hygiene and good nutrition.
With correctly set up training points, you can organize an effective methodology that includes everything necessary for the development of the child’s physical qualities. For each age period, you should use the appropriate educational option so as not to stop the process of forming the child’s capabilities. Taking educational measures ahead of schedule is not recommended, because this can cause a misunderstanding of the goals set for children.
Theoretical foundations of the formation of motor skills
From the theoretical point of view, it is customary to call motor abilities a powerful biological stimulant of the vital functions of a growing organism. The main physiological feature of the child is the need for movement, which is a condition for the normal development and formation of the body as a whole. Today, the relevance of this topic has increased significantly, which is associated with a lack of movement (inactivity). Motor activity is a powerful biological stimulator of vital functions of the body, the need for it is the main physiological feature of the child and is an important condition for the normal development of the body.
The most important tasks that determine the importance of physical education include:
- the formation of a healthy, hardened, strong, responsive, proactive and cheerful child;
- the development of automatism of the possession of movements and a love of physical and sports exercises;
- increased ability to learn in educational institutions;
- development of active creative abilities.
The formation of motor skills is carried out from birth. Taking into account the regularities of the potential opportunities of children in each age period, the theory of physical education of a person provides a whole list of requirements related to the scientifically based program of the generally accepted educational complex. The assimilation of this program provides each child with the proper level of physical fitness.