The retina, or retina, is the innermost lining of the eye after the choroid. Its extreme uniqueness lies in the fact that it contains three peripheral neurons, from which all the visual information perceived by the eye goes to the brain, where it receives the final processing and transformation into memorable visual images. Thanks to the retina, the entire organ of vision can be equated to complex and highly differentiated intracerebral structures.
The retina has a very complex and unusual structure. It has an ultrathin structure, however, histologically, it still distinguishes ten different layers in its structure. The first of them, which borders the middle shell of the eye, is represented by pigment epithelium. It contains a large number of melanocytes that produce melanin. Following the pigment layer is the light-reflecting part of the eyeball. This is the first neuron. It is represented by specific photoreceptors. Each of them has a specific function. So, the sticks are responsible for the formation of twilight vision, and the cone apparatus for color perception and clarity. It is in them that light reactions occur every second. The second and third neurons are located in the layers of bipolar and ganglion cells, respectively. From the anatomical features of the retinal membrane, it is worth noting the projection of the optic nerve and macula on it. The so-called “blind spot” is located in the region of the optic nerve disk. It is absolutely indifferent to light irritations, because there are no photoreceptor cells in it. And the clearest picture for the human eye is provided by the central fossa (macular region), in which the congestion of cones simply rolls over. The anatomists called the macula macula “pit” because four layers of retina are absent in this place.
The retina of the eye in an ordinary, healthy eye should fit snugly against the underlying choroid, to its outermost layer, called the vitreous plate or Bruch's membrane. In cases where this condition is violated, sooner or later, in the eye, spontaneously or under the influence of certain external and internal factors, its detachment may occur. This is the most formidable and emergency state for the organ of vision, which can forever deprive a person of the ability to see. A milder, but no less dangerous condition is considered to be a retinal rupture. It occurs in places of its greatest thinning. Sometimes patients may not notice tears, as they are small and can be located far from the place that is responsible for the clear and crisp image of objects on the retina. More often, tears occur when a patient in an ophthalmic history has any retinal degeneration. For example, with high degrees of myopia, or, as the people call it, myopia, the patient’s retina due to the large size of the eyeball is very stretched, becomes fragile and very thin. In such a retina, blood supply and nutrition are disturbed. Therefore, any external influence (blow to the head, excessive physical exertion, increasing pressure, increased shaking) can lead to the appearance of tears, and sometimes detachment of the retina. Treatment should be carried out immediately, while there is a chance to restore the functionality of the retina. In case of detachment, the patient needs rest and bed rest. A small fresh detachment can independently go to its original place. In cases where there is no hope of self-healing, surgical treatment is required - filling the sclera or vitreous surgery. The retina of the eye in which the gap occurred can be restored by laser coagulation of the gap site.