Excretory (excretory) system is a set of organs that carry out the allocation.
The normal functioning of the body is characterized by the constancy of the internal environment. In particular, its parameters include the total content and the ratio in the volumes of water spaces, which depends on the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure. To maintain the constancy of these parameters, a clear correspondence of the withdrawal of active osmotic substances and water to the level of their consumption is necessary.
The functions of the excretory system are partly performed by the lungs, gastrointestinal tract and skin. However, the main organs of excretion are the kidneys.
The urinary system consists of organs that perform the task of forming and removing urine (urinary organs) and organs involved in reproduction (genitals). Both groups of organs are connected functionally and morphologically. The excretory system includes the kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal region on both sides of the spinal column. The right kidney is normal slightly lower. This is due to the fact that there is a liver above it. The kidneys perform the task of generating fluid, which as a result becomes urine.
The structure of the kidneys includes a huge number of nephrons (very thin convoluted tubules). In the gaps of the capsules of the nephrons, primary urine is filtered. In their proximal convoluted tubules, amino acids, protein, calcium, glucose, and phosphorus are absorbed from primary urine. The structure of the kidneys contains straight thin-walled sections that turn into loops, which consist of descending sections, bends and ascending sections. By lining the descending sections of the loops of flat cells, water is absorbed; in the ascending sections, water is accumulated and sodium is lost. Short distal sections are responsible for the further release of sodium into the tissue fluid and for the absorption of a large volume of water.
The distal convoluted tubules flow into the collecting ducts, through which urine enters the renal pelvis (actually the enlarged ends of the ureters). The excretory system carries out the removal of urine through the ureters into the bladder and then out of the body.
The urge to urinate is accompanied by relaxation of the muscles of the external and internal sphincter and contraction of the muscles of the walls of the bladder. It is believed that the excretory system works fine, when urinating from four to six times a day with a single accumulation of urine in the amount of 250-300 ml.
Diseases of the excretory system can be manifested by pain in the lumbar region, the formation of edema, a change in the amount and color of urine, painful urination. It is necessary to note the existence of atypical and low-symptom ailments. Often, patients complain of dizziness, drowsiness, headache, weakness, decreased performance.
In many cases, the causes of diseases of the urinary system are infections.
Pain sensations of varying intensity and degree of manifestation may be associated with the formation of stones or a tumor.
Transparent, straw-yellow urine is considered normal. In case of febrile illnesses, its color may be brown-yellow with a brick sediment. Bloody urine may indicate kidney stones, tumors, and kidney injuries. When taking medications or vitamins, urine can also change its color.
Detection of elevated leukocyte counts in urine may indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in the kidneys and lower urinary tract.
A sharp decrease in the mass of the active parenchyma, as a rule, entails renal failure. In this case, significant violations or complete loss of the basic functions of the kidneys are revealed .