In the modern world, work for a person is an important component of his life. It is necessary for self-realization and for financial stability. Any work and activity has an impact on human health. Some professions are associated with harmful production. They pose increased risks to human health and life. Such categories have been established since the time of the Soviet Union and are enshrined in law. We all remember how they used to give milk at the plants “for harmfulness”. What production conditions are considered harmful at present, what specialties are associated with this, what compensation exist. Let's talk about this in more detail.
Types of labor conditions
Working conditions affect both productivity and human health. They may be:
- Harmless. Under such conditions, the influence of harmful factors on a person does not exceed the established norms.
- Harmful working conditions are conditions under which an adverse effect on human health is carried out. They are considered dangerous if a person risks not only health but also life.
Harmful conditions can often acquire the character of hazardous conditions.
Influences may be:
- Chemical. Work is related to chemicals.
- Biological. Work with biological mixtures and substances.
- Physical. The impact on humans of dust, vibration, radiation, humidity, as well as lighting.
- Labor. The intensity and severity of the work performed. Also the length of the working day.
All these factors affect the degree of harmful conditions.
Degree of harmful conditions
Any work is reflected in human health. There are several degrees of harmful working conditions:
- First degree. The negative environment of the labor process provokes the development of various negative changes in health. After the termination of contact with harmful factors of production, human health is restored.
- 2nd degree. With prolonged work in harmful conditions, negative changes in health become sustainable and occupational diseases are manifested.
- The third. Adverse working conditions may cause disability.
- Fourth degree. Occupational diseases are severe. Already existing chronic diseases can provoke. The result will be a complete disability.
When applying for a job, a person must know whether his specialty and position are harmful. There is a list that is approved by law on what harmful working conditions should be compensated.
Hazardous Occupations
We list the professions with harmful working conditions:
- Metallurgists.
- Miners.
- The miners.
- Oil workers.
- Geologists.
- Microbiologists.
- Professions of electro-technical and radio-technical, as well as electronic production.
- Participants in the production of hydrometers and thermometers.
- Chemists.
- Workers dinas production.
- Occupations related to the production of explosives.
- Workers in gas processing industries.
- Varnishing agents.
- Lime Suppressors.
- Employees of electric and nuclear plants.
- Soldering irons.
Harmful working conditions are, first of all, factors that should be evaluated by specialists and compensated at the legislative level.
Assessment of production conditions
According to the Federal Law “On a special assessment of working conditions” it is necessary to carry out a set of measures that will be aimed at identifying harmful conditions. Check the following indicators:
- Air humidity.
- Temperature.
- The presence of hazardous radiation.
- Radiation background.
- The presence of hazardous particles in the air.
Assessment of the conditions is carried out by a special organization. If such factors are identified and working conditions are considered harmful, issue an appropriate resolution to the head of the organization.
It should be borne in mind that there are rights and obligations that both employees and employers have in conducting appraisal work.
Consider the following articles in the legislation:
- Article No. 8. Obliges the employer to analyze the conditions of production every 5 years. And also when changing them.
- Article No. 4. The employer must provide the conditions for conducting appraisal work. Provide all documents and information. Do not create obstacles for assessment so that the results of the work are reliable. Workers are also introduced to the assessment results.
- Article No. 5. In carrying out an analysis of working conditions, the worker has the right to be present at the same time and give the necessary explanations.
- Article No. 17. Reasons and rules for unscheduled analysis of working conditions.
Production evaluation
First of all, an assessment is made by sanitary inspectors of labor protection. The harmful production factors of working conditions are evaluated:
- The sanitary characteristic of the details of the profession.
- Sanitary characteristics of production processes.
- Laboratory study of the sanitary working environment. In all areas of production.
- The study of occupational diseases.
- The study of harmful working conditions.
What conditions are considered harmful
The harmfulness of the work process can be estimated with objective indicators. Consider the list of harmful working conditions:
- Hard physical labor.
- Long hard work.
- Tension of the nervous system.
- Tension of the respiratory organs, as well as vision, hearing.
- High dust content in the air. Exceeding the norm for harmful substances in the dust. Great harm to the respiratory system of the body.
- Excessive noise.
- Vibration, friction, pressure acting on a person and can cause hypertrophic changes, inflammatory processes.
- A large amount of dirt, waste.
- Inadequate and poor quality lighting.
- Increased humidity.
- Caustic and irritating substances.
- Harmful chemicals.
- Dangerous microorganisms, viruses.
- Harmful radiation.
- High or low temperature conditions.
- Danger of contracting skin diseases.
- Adverse effects of atmospheric phenomena.
Depending on what harmful working conditions are in production, not everyone has the right, according to the labor code, to work in such conditions.
Who will not accept on harmful conditions
Harmful working conditions are factors that have a significant impact on health, so there are restrictions on the performance of such work. They are introduced for the following categories:
- Age to 18 years.
- Women should not work where heavy volumetric objects are required to be moved, nor can they service heavy machinery. It is forbidden to work with mercury in boiler rooms.
- Persons with a chronic illness.
- Pregnant women.
- Women who have children under 1.5 years old.
If a person takes up additional work with harmful conditions, then the main one should not have a negative impact on health. Information on the nature of the work performed in the main work must be submitted.
What are the conditions for hiring
The procedure for applying for a job includes the following actions:
- You must provide the package of documents that the employer requires.
- An interview is scheduled.
- The terms of the labor contract are discussed and its form is determined.
- An employment contract is concluded.
- An order-act on job placement is drawn up.
- The employee is registered.
- A new employee gets acquainted with documents and production principles. If harmful conditions at the enterprise, the employer must report all risks, conditions, hazard class in oral and written form. This should be recorded in the employment contract.
- Start a work book or make a note in the current one.
The employer is also obliged to carry out the following actions:
- To familiarize and train in safety measures and labor protection rules.
- Provide internship.
- Train responsibilities.
- Conduct a performance and safety exam.
What guarantees should be
According to the labor code, harmful working conditions must be stipulated in the employment contract, namely:
- Classification of all possible risks during the performance of job descriptions.
- Measures that are implemented to preserve the life and health of the employee.
- Information on the payment of benefits and compensation.
- Information about the provision of leave.
- Information on the guarantees provided.
- Work time is agreed. It should not exceed more than 36 hours per week. A day no more than 6-8 hours.
Possible compensation
According to the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for workers there is compensation for harmful working conditions:
- Salary increased.
- Labor shift reduced. If the production is assigned a 3 or 4 degree of harmfulness.
- Extra vacation days. With the degree of harmfulness of production 2, 3, 4.
- Free trips to the sanatorium.
Employee Benefits
It is also worth noting what privileges a job has with harmful working conditions:
- Milk. According to the employment contract, issued free of charge. Or compensation is paid.
- Nutrition. Medical and preventive nutrition is issued on the day when a person works. It is issued free of charge and must be agreed upon in the employment contract. It can be either breakfast or lunch.
- Special clothes, shoes, and disinfectants are issued free of charge. The employer is also obliged to timely replace clothes or to provide their washing, drying.
- Passing a physical examination for employees of hazardous production is a mandatory procedure. This is confirmed and regulated by special documents. For some specialties, it is necessary to undergo a psychiatrist once every 5 years.
- The pension is assigned ahead of schedule. It depends on the conditions in which the person worked. Men from 50 years old, women from 45 years old.
A bit more about early retirement
Who is assigned a preferential pension?
We list the areas of activity and profession that are entitled to a preferential pension:
- Healthcare Men and women can early retire after working for at least 25 years in the village or 30 in the city.
- The agricultural sector. Pre-term drivers have the right to apply for a pension.
- The sphere of education. Preferential pension is accrued if there is at least 25 years of experience.
- FSIN system. Men must have experience of 15 years and age 55. Women must have experience of at least 10 years and age 50.
- Aviation and fishing industry. Age for men 55 years, experience 25. Women experience 20, age 50 years.
- Sphere of light industry. If the experience of at least 20 years, the retirement age may be reduced.
- Public transport workers. Drivers men 55 years old, experience of at least 20 years. Women aged 50 years, experience 15.
- Ministry of Emergency Situations. Men age 55 years, experience at least 25 years. Women age 50 years, experience 20 years.
- Underground production. Men aged 50 years with 10 years of experience in this field, and total experience 20. Women aged 45 years, if work in this field is 7 years old, and total experience of 15.
- Exploration. Men aged 55 years with an experience of 12.5 years. Women aged 50 with experience 10.
- Locomotive and locomotive drivers. Men aged 55 years with 25 years of experience. Women aged 50 years experience of 20 years.
When applying for a pension, workers with harmful working conditions must present a certificate confirming the harmfulness of the profession.
Features of preferential leave
Additional days for vacation, if the work is connected with harmful conditions, are provided by law.
Holidays can be increased for a period of 4 to 36 days.
Consider some of the accrual of preferential leave:
- Physicians who treat HIV infection are entitled to an additional 36 days leave each year.
- Workers in underground production and quarries are entitled to additional leave from 4 to 24 days. Of great importance is the length of the harmful experience.
When concluding an employment contract, it is prescribed to which hazard class the workplace belongs. If it is Grade 2, 3 or 4, the employee is entitled to preferential leave.
It can not be less than 7 days. It is installed individually. The profession and, in some cases, length of service are taken into account. Management prepares a vacation schedule in advance.
If work on harmful conditions is not basic, but additional, then the worker retains the right to additional leave. At the same time, they take into account how much the employee actually worked in hazardous production.
Extra leave cannot be replaced with material compensation. Only in case of dismissal can a person receive compensation for unused vacation.
Both workers and employers must comply with the law. Harmful working conditions are conditions of the labor process that can cause exacerbation of diseases or even partial disability. Therefore, before going to such a job, you need to think carefully and know the Legislation, your rights. If employee misconduct occurs, they may contact the labor inspectorate or prosecutor's office.