Currently, the problem of rational use of resources is very acute. Many countries are developing programs to reduce their consumption. In Russia, in recent years, special attention has been paid to energy conservation. It should be understood as a set of economic, technical, organizational, legal, technological measures aimed at reducing the amount of energy consumed while maintaining the corresponding result from use.
Energy efficiency is determined by the ratio of the effect of resource consumption to the costs incurred to obtain them. Its indicator is determined during the energy survey (energy audit). Consider the features of this procedure.
General information
Requirements for energy efficiency, goals, periods of energy audits of buildings and structures, a list of facilities for which an energy audit is carried out, are established in Federal Law No. 261. This procedure is voluntary. The exception is cases expressly provided for in the specified normative act.
Energy audit organizations need a license. Energy inspection of structures and buildings can be carried out by enterprises that are members of SROs (self-regulatory organizations).
Objectives of the procedure
Energy audits of structures and buildings are carried out for:
- Calculation of the potential for energy conservation, energy efficiency.
- Obtaining information on the amount of energy consumed.
- Energy efficiency class definitions.
The information obtained is used in the development of energy saving measures.
Energy audit is carried out to determine the class of energy efficiency and assess the compliance of the facility with the requirements of the energy conservation program. Based on the results of the procedure, an energy passport is issued. When examining a residential building, the following information is entered into it:
- Energy Efficiency Indicators.
- The results of thermal imaging studies of building envelopes.
- The amount of energy consumed.
- Energy efficiency class.
The passport may indicate a program to increase the useful return on the use of resources with a minimum amount of their consumption.
Which organizations are required to conduct an energy survey?
Federal Law No. 261 provides for an audit of:
- Office buildings.
- Industrial facilities.
- Public buildings.
- Apartment buildings and other residential buildings.
The specified normative act provides a list of facilities in respect of which voluntary energy inspection is possible. It includes:
- Religious buildings / buildings.
- Objects of cultural and historical heritage.
- Temporary structures with a life of less than 2 years.
- Garden houses, summer residences, IZHS objects.
- Auxiliary buildings.
- Facilities whose area does not exceed 50 square meters. m
- Emergency, dilapidated buildings, as well as subject to major repairs or demolitions.
Mandatory energy inspection is carried out in relation to objects:
- Commissioned after reconstruction, overhaul, construction.
- Subject to state construction supervision.
Energy audits are carried out as part of a program to improve energy efficiency and energy saving infrastructure, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce costs. Compulsory inspection, in accordance with the Federal Law No. 261, is carried out in relation to structures / buildings:
- State authorities, local government.
- Organizations involving a municipality or state.
- Institutions conducting activities of regulated species.
- Organizations engaged in the extraction, production, transportation, processing of water, energy, gas, oil, oil products, coal.
- Institutions working at the expense of budget funds of any level.
- Organizations whose total energy costs exceed 10 million rubles / year.
Dates and parameters
Energy audits of structures and buildings should be performed at least 1 time in 5 years.
Since the beginning of 2010, each budget institution has been ordered to reduce energy consumption by 5 liters. not less than 15% of the 2009 volume. At the same time, every year, organizations needed to reduce the indicator by no less than 3%.
Work with enterprises
An energy survey of industrial buildings is carried out with the development of measures to improve energy efficiency to ensure a real reduction in energy consumption. The analysis determines the possibility of saving resources. Based on the obtained indicators, a set of energy saving measures is being developed. Energy inspection of industrial buildings is carried out for:
- Evaluation of the efficiency of energy consumption and the actual state of the infrastructure of enterprises.
- Making an energy passport.
- Development of a program to introduce energy-saving measures. At the same time, the costs of modernization are estimated and the planned savings are calculated.
Passport issuance
This document is a confirmation of the energy audit of the building, enterprise, organization (depending on the object of the audit). The passport issued according to the results of an energy audit should contain information about:
- Energy efficiency class.
- The amount of energy consumed and its dynamics.
- Equipped with resource accounting facilities.
- The potential for energy conservation, the assessment of possible savings.
- Percentage of loss.
The passport also provides a typical plan for energy conservation and improving the efficiency of energy consumption.
The energy passport for the facilities that are commissioned after major repairs, construction, reconstruction can be issued on the basis of the information present in the project documents.
Energy efficiency requirements in a passport drawn up after a mandatory examination are determined by the federal executive body. A similar provision applies to a document issued on the basis of the project.
Energy Efficiency Class: General
Energy efficiency is an indicator defined by the ratio of the benefits of resource consumption to the volume of their expenditure.
The energy efficiency class is a characteristic of a structure, building, product, process. This parameter for the building determines the center of energy benefits based on the results of the audit. For products, the indicator is set by the manufacturer.
Statutory provisions
In the Federal Law No. 261, developers are required to indicate the energy efficiency class on the facade of an apartment building. Owners and other legal owners of premises are required to maintain an appropriate level of this indicator. When changing the parameter for the structure as a whole, these entities must ensure the replacement of the pointer on the facade. The requirements for the information plate are established by the authorized executive body.
From the beginning of 2010, an energy audit of the buildings that are being commissioned should be carried out with the assignment of an energy efficiency class. Legislation ordered the completion of this procedure before 12/31/2012. The energy inspection of buildings and other facilities put into operation should have been carried out by institutions approved in accordance with Federal Law No. 261.
Responsibility
After the adoption of Federal Law No. 261, significant changes were made to the Code of Administrative Offenses. They touched primarily on liability for violation of energy saving standards. As a result, a new article was introduced in the Code of Administrative Offenses - 9.16.
In accordance with changes in the legislation, about 9 executive bodies are empowered to levy administrative penalties. The regulatory act also provides for the possibility of establishing restrictions and prohibitions on the circulation and production of products having a low energy efficiency indicator.
Types of punishment
Penalties for non-compliance with a number of requirements may be applied to perpetrators:
- Energy Efficiency Requirements, Timing of the Mandatory Energy Audit. The size of fines ranges from 50-250 thousand rubles.
- Requirements for a copy of the energy passport. For legal entities for this violation, the fine is 10 thousand rubles. The protocol is drawn up by the federal executive body authorized to conduct state control of the activities of self-regulatory organizations in the field of energy inspection.
- During construction, overhaul, design, reconstruction of structures, structures, buildings - requirements for energy efficiency, equipped with metering devices. For legal entities, the amount of monetary recovery is 500-600 thousand rubles. Verification and preparation of the protocol is carried out by the State Construction Supervision Agency.
- The entities responsible for the maintenance of multi-apartment buildings - requirements for the development of proposals for the organization of energy saving measures. For legal entities, the amount of recovery is 20-30, for officials - 5-10 thousand rubles. The violation is recorded by the State Housing Inspection.
- The owners of non-residential buildings, structures, buildings during their operation - requirements for energy efficiency. For legal entities, fines of 100-150 thousand rubles are provided. Reporting a violation and compiling a protocol is the responsibility of UTEN Rostekhnadzor.
- Organizations with the participation of the municipality or state, as well as institutions engaged in regulated activities - requirements for the adoption of energy saving programs. A legal entity may be fined 50-100 thousand rubles. Fixation of violation and execution of the protocol are the competence of UTEN Rostekhnadzor.
Conclusion
For the first time, the concept of energy audit entered into Russian practice in the 90s. last century. Currently, an energy audit of an organization is considered an integral element of the resource efficiency management system at all enterprises.
As the analysis shows, in different budgetary institutions, energy savings can reach 80%. However, in practice there is a constant overrun. In many cases, this is due to the fact that enterprises use outdated energy saving systems. They certainly need to be changed.
An energy audit allows you to identify management errors and develop an effective energy conservation program. Due to the measures taken after the energy audit, the state saves huge amounts. Business leaders need to learn modern energy-saving methods.