The formation of general educational skills in modern society is an urgent issue. The reason is the increasing demands on the part of society for the preparation of modern man. The child spends a huge amount of his time preparing homework.
School task
Currently, educational organizations have been given the task - the formation of general educational skills of students. The teacher does not just pass on scientific knowledge of modern reality to children, but teaches them to independently acquire knowledge. Within the framework of new educational standards for each child, their own (individual) development trajectory is built. The teacher only controls the formation of general educational skills and, if necessary, adjusts the student’s self-development.
Ways to solve the problem
The formation of general educational skills is an eternal problem of pedagogy. The success of its resolution directly depends on the professional level of the teacher, the motivation of the child himself, as well as on the material and technical base of the educational organization.
Currently, educational activities include setting goals, selecting actions, evaluating, controlling, and reflecting. Nowadays, not only knowledge itself is subject to assessment, but rather tools, means of independent acquisition of new knowledge, regardless of the subject area.
History reference
The development of general educational skills, the development of effective methods for their formation - these issues were considered by many researchers in their writings. In particular, S.G. They established a connection between ZUN and the level of development of cognitive abilities of children of primary school age.
Based on studies conducted by educators and psychologists, special techniques have been created to identify and develop abilities in children of different school age.
The general educational abilities and skills were covered in their works by the authors of many innovative pedagogical methods intended for the early detection and development of gifted children: V.V. Davydov, D. B. Elkonin, L. V. Zankov. The questions concerning the features of motivation of first-graders are devoted to the works of L. S. Vygotsky, A. Z. Zak, and E. V. Kozlova.
Despite the fact that general educational skills were considered by the best teachers in the country, and at present, teachers and psychologists are looking for optimal ways to develop students ’OUI. New methods and techniques appear, the purpose of which is to increase the motivation of the younger generation to self-education.
The essence of ZUN
General educational skills are the practical actions that students will master on the basis of theoretical knowledge obtained as part of the educational (extracurricular) process. Psychologists explain skills as "automatic actions that are developed as part of the training." For skills, a common sign is the child’s willingness to apply the acquired knowledge to solve specific social problems that appear in everyday life.
Skills can be formed through exercise. They are not automatic, suggest a conscious search for a solution to the problem.
Skills are the result of repeated repetitions of specific actions in similar conditions. They involve automatic actions performed on a subconscious level.
First stage of training
General education skills are priority in elementary school. The subsequent success of the child directly depends on the quality of awareness of the OUN at the first stage of training. At present, general educational and schoolchildren skills are allocated in a separate block in elementary school. After the introduction of GEF in Russian schools, UUN became one of the sections of the requirements created for the level of training of elementary school students.
To cope with the task assigned to teachers of primary school, it is possible only when using a personality-oriented approach.
Universal general educational skills and abilities are ways of obtaining and using knowledge by schoolchildren. In contrast to the subject ZUN, which are specific for each subject area, the OUN are the same for any discipline.
Classification of general educational skills
Currently, there are four types:
- educational and organizational;
- intellectual learning;
- educational and informational;
- educational and communicative.
Consider each type in more detail, identify distinctive characteristics.
Educational and organizational skills
It is difficult to count on high results in the educational process without the ability to organize your school activities. These general educational abilities and skills of students allow the child to perform the following actions:
- organize work;
- regulate and analyze your learning;
- to monitor the implementation of the task.
Among such skills, it is necessary to note the organization of the workplace, planning of current work, focusing on the implementation of a specific task, conducting self-control and introspection, cooperation with classmates. These skills will allow children to be successful after completing training in an educational organization.
In elementary school, the child must learn the following actions:
- define individual and collective learning tasks;
- choose the optimal algorithm to perform a specific task;
- Compare the results with the goal;
- own different forms of self-control;
- evaluate their educational activities, as well as the work of classmates;
- identify the shortcomings of their work, establish their causes;
- set the task of self-education.
Logic skills
They are formed due to the personal experience of the child. That is why the comprehensive development of schoolchildren, the motivation for their creative activity from the first grade, is so important.
General educational and special abilities and skills should be formed precisely at the first stage of training. Reading, listening, observing - these are skills that are aimed at orienting the child in the educational process, his awareness of a certain material.
Logical thinking allows the child to transfer theoretical material to specific situations. Educational-intellectual general educational skills and abilities:
- definition of synthesis and analysis objects;
- setting features of the object;
- identification of the ratio of the individual components of the object;
- implementation of various types of comparison;
- the formation of causal relationships;
- operating with judgments;
- use of evidence components;
- problem selection and identification of solutions.
The degree of intellectual development of elementary school students is characterized by the formation of the following skills:
- compare phenomena, facts, objects;
- classify theoretical material;
- generalize;
- abstract;
- highlight the main idea;
- highlight analogies, causal relationships;
- apply research skills (put forward a hypothesis, select methods, set tasks, solve them, draw conclusions).
Educational and Information Skills
They guarantee the student the search, processing, application of information for the successful solution of the educational task. Among them are the following:
- work with sections of the textbook;
- the use of additional and reference literature;
- the correct application of various literary styles;
- selection and layout of material on a specific topic;
- possession of various forms of the story;
- compilation of abstracts, taking notes of material;
- peer review
- possession of different types of comments;
- thinking over the abstract;
- application of observation;
- description of the analyzed object;
- modeling.
Educational and communication skills
They give the student the opportunity to collaborate with peers, adults, and lead joint projects. Among these skills, the following are distinguished:
- ability to listen to other people;
- mastery of the basic techniques of rhetoric;
- public speaking skills;
- a culture of speech;
- ability to lead a discussion.
UUN formation
This process requires a whole range of psychological and pedagogical conditions:
- positive motivation;
- taking into account individual and psychological characteristics;
- independent cognitive activity;
- teacher interest.
The main condition for the formation of a successful graduate of a modern school is the creation of a positive motivation for self-development and self-education. Only in the case when the child himself, his teacher, parents work in one “team”, we can talk about achieving the desired result - self-development of the student.
Under the new state standards, design and research activities have become a prerequisite in all academic disciplines, at all levels of education.
To implement the tasks set by modern society in front of educational institutions, it is important to consider the intellectual and psychological characteristics of students. The state of the nervous system, fatigue, independence - all these qualities should be taken into account by the teacher when selecting training material.
Important and independent cognitive activity of schoolchildren. It is built on the basis of the following elements: creating motivating motives, setting goals and main tasks, planning, consulting, developing tools (guidelines, recommendations, programs, teaching aids), and a system for monitoring results.
The basis for the formation of the child’s desire to acquire new knowledge is the personality of the teacher, his attitude to his subject, the desire to captivate the pupils with it.
That is why, in the framework of updating the content of domestic education, special attention is paid to the professional growth of the teacher, his knowledge of innovative techniques and methods of training and education.
A system of continuous training (training in courses, seminars, participation in professional competitions), the exchange of experience with colleagues in the framework of substantive methodological meetings are the main ways of self-development of the teaching staff of domestic schools.
To summarize
The formation of general educational skills is the most important pedagogical task. The purposeful, special work in this direction is important. In the course of learning activities, the child processes and transforms the options for learning activities that the teacher offers him.
The mentor's task is to control such activities, building an individual educational trajectory for each student. The application of skills, abilities, knowledge that children receive at school in everyday life is an opportunity to assert themselves, to realize the importance of additional training.
In each discipline, there are specific (subject) ZUN, the development of which allows students to cope with the requirements developed for each academic subject.