Employers have the right to attract women and even minor citizens as employees. But the working conditions for these employees should be specific, since they take into account the status, health and other parameters of people. Therefore, at the legislative level, labor protection for women and youth is carried out. If the leaders of different enterprises violate these conditions, they will be held liable, and it can be not only administrative, but also criminal.
Employment Rules
Based on the requirements of the Labor Code, different working conditions are offered for both men and women, as well as minor citizens. Features of the work of women and youth are as follows:
- It is not allowed to hire a teenager or a man of 25 years old for the same working conditions;
- all citizens from 16 years old have the right to work, but at the same time simplified conditions should be offered for people who are not yet 18 years old;
- the employer must take into account the physical mental abilities of each employee, and these characteristics depend on the gender and age of the person.
The working conditions of different employees at the state level are regulated.
Legislative regulation
The labor protection rules for women and youth are contained in PP No. 105 and 163, as well as some standards are given in SanPiN 2.2.0.555-96 and 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03. Based on these regulations, certain areas of work are defined in which the work of minors is prohibited. Additionally, based on Art. 253, 254, 259 and 298 it is forbidden to attract women for particularly difficult jobs.
Certain hygienic requirements must be presented to the workplace occupied by the woman, in violation of which the employee can legally refuse to continue working.
Exercise Restrictions
When offering a job for women and adolescents, it is necessary to take into account what physical activities the employee will have to face. The following rules are taken into account:
- the fairer sex is not allowed to work in areas related to the movement or lifting of significant weights;
- throughout the working day it is not allowed to lift more than 7 kg;
- if alternating labor associated with lifting weights, with other work responsibilities, then the maximum woman can lift the load up to 10 kg;
- there are limit indicators for dynamic work.
If the above indicators are exceeded, it is advisable to hire men who can easily cope with heavy loads.
Working conditions
When looking for work, every person evaluates the conditions under which he will have to work. Women's working conditions are regulated at the federal level. Their violation leads to prosecution, as well as to regular inspections by the labor inspectorate. Therefore, employers should remember the following rules:
- the use of women's labor in underground mines or in dangerous and harmful conditions is prohibited;
- the exception is sanitary or domestic services for mines or other similar facilities;
- women cannot work as truck drivers or drivers;
- if the employee is less than 35 years old, then she cannot work in a position that is associated with the use of any toxic substances, disinfectants or pesticides;
- pregnant employees cannot work in the field of animal husbandry or crop production;
- if a woman is taken to work in a kindergarten, then she must be prepared for significant physical exertion.
According to the law, women workers must work under conditions in which there is no negative effect on the reproductive function of the body. Back in 1996, special requirements were adopted, which must be followed by company owners in the process of arranging a workplace for employees. Work for women must meet the requirements for temperature and humidity. If the employee is pregnant, then for her any physical activity should be minimal.
What specialties cannot be chosen?
The labor protection of women and youth additionally includes restrictions related to the choice of a specialty for the weaker sex and adolescents. Women cannot work as carpenters or plumbers, fitters or fitters of any heavy equipment.
A full list of professions that are offered exclusively to men is given in PP No. 162.
But in any situation, there are exceptions, so women can be involved in any special position if there is permission from the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare, as well as if a preliminary examination is carried out to confirm satisfactory conditions for employment.
Conditions for pregnant workers
The labor protection of women and youth in Russia is considered a significant moment for the Government. Particularly specific conditions should be assumed for pregnant women, as it is not allowed for labor activity to adversely affect the unborn child in any way. Therefore, the norms of maximum loads for women in position are taken into account.
In the company where the pregnant employee works, the following rules should be considered:
- for one shift is not allowed to lift a load exceeding 1.75 kg in weight;
- the total mass of cargo that can be moved by a pregnant woman worker within an hour and within 5 m is 60 kg;
- it is not allowed to involve such an employee in labor in the field of crop production or animal husbandry;
- female workers are not allowed to work in the control room;
- they cannot work in flight activities;
- the time during which a woman can spend at the computer is limited, and in some regulatory acts such work is completely prohibited;
- maximum computer work can last for three hours;
- according to sanitary rules, a pregnant worker cannot work in conditions where she can interact with pathogens of various infections or ultraviolet rays, as well as be in a draft.
Additionally, in each company, for such an employee, the output or rate of service is reduced. Often pregnant women are transferred to easier work in organizations, but at the same time, wages are maintained at the same level. At the same time, it is not allowed that any harmful or dangerous factors affect the health of the worker.
Bans for pregnant
Women's labor regulation takes place at the federal level; therefore, it is not allowed to offer pregnant women the following opportunities:
- work overtime;
- go on long trips;
- work at night;
- to do shift work;
- work on weekends or holidays.
Violation of the above requirements may lead to prosecution of the employer. For help, a woman can go to the labor inspectorate or immediately to the court.
Rules for women with children
If the employee has a child under three years old, then she can count on softening working conditions. This is part of the labor protection of women and youth. Therefore, employees with young children can count on the following exemptions:
- if there is no opportunity to fully cope with their previous work responsibilities, then a woman can be transferred to a lighter position, but only temporarily and with the preservation of earnings;
- if the child is not yet one and a half years old, then the woman is offered additional breaks in work used to feed the baby, and these time periods are included in working hours;
- the employee may refuse to work overtime or night work, as well as official travel;
- she can arrange additional leave or days of rest without saving her earnings;
- company executives do not have the right to refuse women employment due to the presence of small children or pregnancy;
- It is not allowed to dismiss a pregnant employee or a woman with a small child at the initiative of the employer.
All of the above requirements allow women to fully cope with their duties, even during pregnancy or in the presence of young children.
Youth labor protection measures
Even minor citizens can officially work, but different measures are applied for them to ensure the creation of optimal and comfortable working conditions. The main conditions include:
- An employment contract can only be signed by a citizen who is 16 years old;
- it is allowed to sign an agreement with a 15-year-old teenager if he has already received school education;
- it is permitted to involve students in labor activity in preparation for full and long-term work, but only under conditions of easy employment, and it is also not allowed that such work harm the health of a young citizen or interfere with full-time education;
- the work of a minor is permitted only with the written consent of the parents or guardians.
It is not permitted to involve young people in work that could in any way adversely affect the moral development of adolescents. Therefore, they are not accepted for work in clubs, shops selling alcohol and tobacco products, as well as in other similar institutions.
Labor protection for minors
The remuneration of young people should be the same as the earnings of adult citizens, but the conditions for labor protection have significant differences. The main requirement is to maintain the optimal health of adolescents. Therefore, the following requirements are taken into account:
- employment is made after a medical examination confirming the optimal state of health of the young applicant;
- it is impossible to involve such workers in overtime work or to send on business trips;
- leave for a minor is granted annually, and it lasts 31 days;
- the employee must have completed primary education;
- if the employer wishes to terminate the employment contract signed with the teenager, then this is permitted only with the approval of the labor inspection;
- regularly young people should undergo a physical examination;
- it is not allowed to involve them in work where they may be injured or have an occupational disease.
All the above conditions are mandatory taken into account by employers who attract young people to work.
Features of the employment of children
In some situations, even young people who are under the age of 16 are allowed to find work. But this must certainly be obtained in writing from the parents, written in writing. Work should not cause any harm to the health or development of a young employee. For him, the rate of production is certainly reduced.
Only under such conditions will the work of a minor be safe and legal. In violation of these rules, the employer may be held liable, and it may be criminal.
Conclusion
Minor workers and women are hired only subject to certain labor protection requirements. All these requirements must be taken into account by employers, as if they are violated, they will have to face the negative consequences of heavy fines, suspension of work or even forced labor and imprisonment.
Labor protection measures for women and youth help preserve the health of such workers. Especially a lot of requirements are imposed on the working conditions of pregnant employees.