Causes of speech disorders. Diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders

The pathology of speech occurs even during the intrauterine development of the baby. Among the causes of speech disorders that affect the fetus during pregnancy are toxicosis, intoxication, pathology of the mother’s metabolism, the influence of certain chemical elements, alcohol, nicotine, narcotic drugs, and radiation.

Causes

The causes of speech impairment can be divided into groups.

Intrauterine pathology:

1. Hypoxia of the fetus.
2. Viral diseases that the expectant mother suffered while the baby was waiting.
3. Injuries, bruises and falls of a pregnant woman.
4. Rhesus conflict.
5. Prematurity and portability.
6. Bad habits of mom.
7. Exposure to potent drugs taken by the pregnant woman.
8. Stressful condition of mom.

Delivery period:

1. Birth injury.
2. Low Apgar score.
3. Asphyxia.
4. Little weight.

In addition, hereditary causes of speech disorders, diseases that were transferred in the first weeks of the baby’s life, and the influence of social factors are distinguished.

What else do you need to know? The characteristic of speech disorders directly depends on the type of pathology.

Kinds

The following types of speech disorders are distinguished:

1. Aphasia.
2. FFN.
3. ONR.
4. Alalia.
5. Dislalia.
6. Rinolalia.
7. ZRR.
8. Dyslexia.
9. Stuttering.
10. Tachilalia - accelerated speech.
11. Dysphonia, aphonia.
12. Dysarthria
13. Bradylalia - slow speech.

What is aphasia? A feature of speech disorders is the loss of the ability to speak secondary in nature, associated with injuries or diseases of the brain. Primary speech capabilities are impaired in whole or in part. There are problems with writing and reading.

FFN - phonetic-phonemic underdevelopment of speech. There is a deformation of the pronunciation of the speech area, due to the inferior perception of sounds and their incorrect pronunciation. There are no hearing impairments, and intellectual development is up to standard. The construction of phrases and the coherence of the narrative is normal.

OHP is characterized by serious problems with the construction of proposals. There is a replacement of words with baby talk. Auditory functions and intelligence are normal. Sound and semantic lines are broken. The diagnosis is often made to children with alalia, dysarthria, rhinolalia, aphasia. OHP has 4 stages, which differ in the degree of existing violations. The most severe speech disorder is characteristic of the first stage of the disease. In this case, the child replaces full, standard words with one- or two-syllable abbreviations characteristic of babies up to 1.5 years. Example: car - BBC, girl - la-la, dog - av-av.

Alalia - lack of speech function in children older than 3-4 years. There is a lesion of the speech zones of the brain. The formation of grammar, lexical and phonemic skills does not occur. There are severe semantic defects. Motivational-motivational speech elements are not observed.

Dislalia is a violation of the pronunciation function. It can be of the following types:

• Simple or monomorphic. Problems with the pronunciation of one sound or several sounds that belong to the same category. Example: F - W.
• Complex or polymorphic - sounds from different sound categories are missing or distorted.
• Age or physiological - problems with the pronunciation of sounds in children under 5 years old. It does not require work with a speech therapist.
• Functional dyslalia is a violation of sound pronunciation associated with diseases of the central nervous system.
• Mechanical or congenital - inherent in children with problems with the speech apparatus.

With rhinolalia, speech has a tinge of nasal. Physiological features may be observed - cleft lip or cleft palate. The causes of the disease are anatomical defects of the speech apparatus. The pronunciation of words and sentences is illegible and monotonous.

ZRR - delayed speech development. Speech skills do not meet age standards. The diagnosis is made before the age of 4 years. Vocabulary is poor. Intelligence may be low.

Dyslexia is a disease characterized by problems with reading and writing.

Stuttering is a speech disorder, a convulsive state of the muscles of the speech apparatus, which is characterized by frequent repetition of words, sounds, individual words or their prolongation. Failure in the rhythm of speech, frequent interruptions in conversation, and uncertain formation of sentences are characteristic. Often caused by convulsive contractions of the muscles of the speech apparatus. It has two varieties:

• Tonic. Long pronunciation of sounds or repeated pauses in conversation.
• Clonic Frequent repetition of the same sound or syllables.

Dysphonia, aphonia - a change in voice capabilities or a complete lack of voice. Violation of phonation is manifested by a change in the timbre of the voice and its strength.

Dysarthria - pronunciation problems associated with congenital features of the speech apparatus. The most difficult variant of this disease is anarthria. In the presence of anarthria, the sound function becomes completely inaccessible.

After determining the type, the specialist determines who needs a school for children with severe speech impairments.

Diagnostics

The speech development of each child is closely related to its psychological and motor development. Therefore, each parent must pay attention to the presence of speech defects in the child .

In the diagnosis, it is necessary to pay attention to the causes of speech disorders:

1. Diseases transferred during gestation.
2. The presence of injuries during labor.
3. Genetic predisposition to certain speech disorders.
4. The presence of birth injuries and hypoxia.
5. Compatibility of Rhesus factors of mother and child.
6. Diseases carried by a child in the first twelve months after birth.
7. Social and living conditions of education.

For a more detailed study of the features of the child’s speech development, a speech therapist examines all aspects of the child’s speech to make an accurate diagnosis. All the anamnestic data are determined to determine the characteristics of the personality.

Research plan

Be sure to conduct a study of the child's dictionary according to the following plan:

1. Display and naming of the image and the performed action on a series of pictures.
2. Drawing up a story based on a given image.
3. The study of the grammatical structure of speech.
4. Ability to form a word using affectionate suffixes.
5. Examination of phonemic perception.
6. Study of the pronunciation of sounds.
7. Definitions of the level of understanding of the meaning of individual words.

Diagnostic Games

Thanks to the modern development of computer speech therapy games, such applications are actively used in the diagnosis of speech disorders in a child. All blocks of tasks are given to the child in a playful way. The following applications are recommended for examination:

• “Baba Yaga learns to read”;
• Tigres
• "Learning to speak correctly."

Also, the listed gaming publications can be used by parents for self-diagnosis of their baby’s speech.

Treatment and correction

Treatment is a cardinal way to overcome speech disorders. Basically, a similar method is used for severe forms of speech underdevelopment or for damage to speech organs. Drug treatment consists in taking the following groups of drugs with a child or adult:

1. The use of hopantenic acid.
2. The use of sedatives to reduce cramping.
3. Antidepressants.
4. Vitamin supplements.
5. Nootropic drugs.

The use of substances of the nootropic group is recommended for children with mental and speech disorders. The course of treatment should not exceed six months. Also, children with severe types of speech disorders are prescribed sedatives.

Children with rhinolalia must undergo surgery to restore the integrity of the palate and upper lip. Compulsory comprehensive treatment is also given to babies with alalia. Since the aforementioned violation is the most complex. Along with taking the necessary medications, classes are held aimed at restoring all aspects of speech.

Correction

Unfortunately, now more and more often there is a need to examine a child by a speech therapist. The main role in overcoming speech disorders is occupied by special classes for the diagnosis and overcoming of speech disorders. With children of preschool age, all classes are conducted using game techniques. Each lesson includes the following components:

1. Exercises for the development of phonemic perception.
2. Tasks for the formulation, systematization and differentiation of sound.
3. Games for improving hand motility.
4. Fixing complex lexical and grammatical constructions.
5. Massage of the organs of the oral cavity (performed with complex speech defects for muscle relaxation).
6. Comprehensive development of psychological processes.
   

Speech therapy games

Also, a variety of tongue twisters and an essay to illustrate your poems are included in the classes. Examples of speech therapy games:

• “Say the sound”;
• “Tell me how I am”;
• “Who will compose more words for a given sound”;
• "Collect the letter from the shelves";
• "Lacing."

Before each lesson, articulatory gymnastics is performed, the purpose of which is to prepare speech organs for work. Then, work is underway to produce a disturbed sound. Tasks to expand the vocabulary of the child are necessarily entered in the block of corrective exercises.

It should also be noted that the achievement of positive dynamics in overcoming speech defects is possible only with bilateral cooperation between the speech therapist and parents, namely control over the implementation of the fixing material by the child. Non-standard methods are also widely used in conducting speech therapy classes:

• sand therapy;
• art therapy;
• logopedic rhythm;
• finger theater;
• physiotherapy;
• vocalization.

It should be noted that some speech disorders disappear with age, while others require correction.

Preventative work

But also each of the parents can carry out preventive work to overcome the development of speech disorders in his baby. It should be carried out, including the following tasks in the games:

1. Classes with sand.
2. The game "Cinderella" - invite your child to find any small details among the many cereals.
3. Tell your child about all the household activities that you perform.
4. Sing baby songs with your child.
5. Together, construct designers and mosaics from small parts.

All of these exercises will help your child develop in many directions.

Speech recovery after a stroke at home

In order to quickly resume speech after a stroke, it is necessary to involve the procedures of not only medical workers, but also the patient himself and his relatives. Direct recovery will depend on this.

Classes with patients at home

It is possible to conduct training with the patient in a domestic environment only after the consent of the attending physician has been given. It is important not to harm: not to provide excessive speech load or difficult occupations. Indeed, in this way, the optimism of the patient can be destroyed. There are times when the family does not have enough perseverance, they want in the near future to hear intelligible and clear speech. The failure of the patient gives rise to their disappointment, which instantly manifests itself in their facial expressions. An individual who has suffered a hemorrhage in the brain loses a positive mood and is able to completely abandon classes in the future.

Use specialized exercises for speech impairment after a microstroke. They seem elementary. However, you must be aware that it is difficult for a patient after a heart attack to do anything, including moving his lips.