Hypercoagulable syndrome is a pathology that involves increased blood coagulation. The disease can be independent or develop against a background of concomitant defects. Usually an ailment is accompanied by a person’s tendency to form blood clots. Moreover, the forming clot in its structure is loose and devoid of elasticity.
A little information
Problems with blood coagulation (coagulopathy) can have both a pathological and physiological character. Human blood is formed from several types of shaped elements, as well as a liquid component. Under normal conditions, the composition of the fluid is balanced and has a hematocrit ratio of 4: 6 in favor of plasma. If this ratio shifts towards the shaped particles, blood thickening is observed. This phenomenon can be caused by an increase in the volume of fibrinogen and prothrombin.
Blood coagulation is a peculiar indicator of the body's response to emerging bleeding. With minimal trauma to blood vessels, blood clots form in the blood, which actually stop the process of fluid leakage. The coagulation index is not constant and for the most part depends on the general condition of the body. In other words, it can change throughout life.
Features
In a normal state, bleeding stops after 3-4 minutes, and after about 10-15 minutes a blood clot occurs. If this happens several times faster, you can suspect the presence of hypercoagulable syndrome. According to ICD-10, the code D65 is assigned to this pathology.
This condition is considered very dangerous, since it can cause varicose veins, thrombosis, stroke, heart attack and other damage to internal organs. Due to too thick blood, the body experiences a lack of oxygen, against which a general malaise occurs and performance deteriorates. In addition, the probability of blood clots is significantly increased.
The ICD-10 code for hypercoagulation syndrome is D65.
Occurrence
According to medical indicators, the epidemiology of this disease reaches 5-10 cases per 100 thousand people. The development of pathology in a natural sequence is associated with a high prevalence of disease risk factors.
The violation appears against the background of acquired and congenital abnormalities in the body. Most often it is due to external conditions: all kinds of diseases, uncontrolled intake of potent medicines, lack of trace elements and vitamins, non-compliance with the drinking regime and many other factors.
Causes of pathology
Hypercoagulable syndrome usually does not have pronounced symptoms. Most often, patients complain of frequent migraines, general fatigue, lethargy.
Doctors conditionally divide the causes of the disease into congenital and acquired.
The latter category includes:
- addictions;
- obesity and extra pounds;
- age-related changes;
- pregnancy;
- taking oral contraceptives;
- hormone replacement therapy;
- too high concentration of cholesterol in the blood;
- surgical interventions, or rather, a long bed rest after them;
- complete lack of physical activity;
- severe dehydration;
- heavy metal poisoning;
- hypothermia;
- microbial infestations;
- chemical and thermal burns;
- lack of omega-3 fatty acids.
As for congenital causes, these include unexplained miscarriages, the presence of thrombophilia in the family history, repeated thrombi up to 40 years.
Other prerequisites for development
Hypercoagulable syndrome most often has an innate character, but it may well develop against the background of the influence of external conditions. There are several factors in which the appearance of an ailment is not excluded:
- protracted neurosis and stress;
- damage to blood vessels;
- oncology;
- erythremia;
- antiphospholipid syndrome;
- Wellebrand disease;
- contact of plasma with foreign surfaces;
- hematogenous thrombophilia;
- impressive hemangiomas;
- postpartum and pregnancy;
- autoimmune disorders - lupus erythematosus, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura;
- atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries;
- severe bleeding from the digestive tract;
- taking estrogen during menopause;
- the use of birth control pills;
- synthetic heart valve and hemodialysis.
Pathology can be triggered by several factors at once. Treatment of hypercoagulable syndrome largely depends on the causes of its occurrence.
Risk factors
There are some conditions that cause bleeding disorders. Pathology can be triggered by several conditions:
- Lack of water, dehydration. Blood is approximately 85% liquid, and plasma is 90%. A decrease in these indicators entails a logical thickening. Paying special attention to the drinking regimen is necessary in the warm seasons. It is very important to replenish water reserves during physical exertion.
- Fermentopathy is a disease that is associated with a lack of food enzymes or a violation of their activity. This condition entails incomplete breakdown of food, as a result of which unprocessed decomposition products enter the bloodstream, contributing to its thickening.
- Unhealthy diet. Many products contain specific protein inhibitors that form compounds with digestive system proteinases. This causes disruptions in the digestion and absorption of proteins. Untreated amino acids enter the bloodstream and disrupt its coagulability. Pathology may be due to overeating carbohydrates, sugar and fructose.
- Lack of minerals and vitamins. Enzyme synthesis requires water-soluble vitamins. Their deficiency provokes poor digestion of food and, as a result, hypercoagulation.
- Violation of the liver. Every day, the body produces approximately 15-20 g of blood proteins, which are responsible for transport and regulatory functions. Deviations in biosynthesis lead to abnormal changes in the composition of the blood.
In addition, the syndrome can be associated with the presence of any parasites in the body, hyperfunction of the spleen, or injury to blood vessels.
Symptoms of hypercoagulable syndrome
During pregnancy, pathology can manifest itself with a pronounced clinical picture. But in other people, increased viscosity may not have specific manifestations. True, there are many abnormalities that can help suspect and detect the disease. Symptoms of the syndrome include:
- dizziness with a slight loss of coordination;
- fatigue, weakness;
- aching migraines;
- muscle weakness;
- nausea, fainting;
- insomnia;
- the presence of chronic problems;
- cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, their increased dryness;
- cold legs, feeling of heaviness and pain in the limbs;
- violation of sensitivity in the legs and arms, numbness, burning;
- too high susceptibility to cold;
- pain in the area of the heart - tingling, arrhythmia, shortness of breath;
- increased anxiety, depression, distraction;
- impaired vision and hearing, the appearance of tinnitus;
- burning in the eyes, tearing;
- elevated hemoglobin level;
- slow bleeding with wounds, cuts, scratches;
- miscarriage, persistent miscarriages;
- frequent yawning.
All the described symptoms require careful diagnosis. After a set of laboratory and instrumental examinations, a specialist can identify a pathology.
Hypercoagulable Syndrome during Pregnancy
The thickening of the blood of a future mother can be explained by genetic factors or the influence of external conditions. During pregnancy, hypercoagulable syndrome appears against the background of carriage of genes for thrombophilia, obesity, impaired vascular tone, physical inactivity, dehydration, stress, overheating or hypothermia.
The presence of such factors does not necessarily indicate a severe pregnancy. The younger the woman’s body, the easier it is to deal with various problems and the less likely the syndrome to appear.
The code for hypercoagulable syndrome in pregnant women according to the ICD-10 is D65.
Increased blood viscosity can lead to various complications:
- embryo retardation;
- preeclampsia;
- fetal death of the fetus;
- regressive course of pregnancy;
- interruption at any time;
- placental abruption, abnormal bleeding;
- blood loss during childbirth;
- placental insufficiency.
To prevent such consequences, you need to correctly plan your pregnancy. If you have a symptom of hypercoagulation, you need to do prevention before conception. Even with minor changes, it is likely that a full-fledged bearing and birth of a normal child. In severe forms of hypercoagulable syndrome in pregnant women, expectant mother will receive special treatment.
Diagnostics
If this disease is suspected, the specialist should collect an anamnesis, assess the nature of the patient's symptoms and complaints, the presence of miscarriages and genetic factors. Then, to detect increased blood viscosity, laboratory tests are performed:
- general blood test to determine the number of shaped elements, hemoglobin concentration;
- coagulogram to obtain information about the state of the hemostatic system, the level of coagulability, the duration of bleeding;
- activated thromboplastin time to evaluate clotting pathways.
To determine the condition of internal organs and blood vessels, an additional instrumental diagnosis of hypercoagulable syndrome is carried out:
- Doppler ultrasound;
- MRI, ultrasound;
- phlebography.
In addition, the doctor must differentiate this pathology with the syndrome of DIC, hemolytic uremic disease and malignant tumors.
Pregnant treatment
With severe deviations in the hemostatic system during pregnancy, anticoagulants are prescribed for a woman: Fragmin, Heparin, Warfarin. Drugs are administered under the skin, the course of therapy takes about 10 days. After treatment, a hemostasiogram is mandatory.
In addition, antiplatelet agents can be prescribed: Cardiomagnyl, Thrombo ACC, acetylsalicylic acid.
Equally important is dieting. To reduce blood viscosity during pregnancy, it is advisable to use foods high in vitamin E. Dishes should be boiled, stewed or steamed. The diet should be rich in vegetables, dairy products, fish and meat.
But you should refuse sweets, pickled, canned, fatty dishes, muffins, soda, potatoes and alcohol.
Drug therapy
With hypercoagulation, medications are necessary to prevent blood clots and thin the blood. Patients are most often prescribed:
- antiplatelet agents - Thrombo ACC, Acetylsalicylic acid, Cardiomagnyl;
- anticoagulants - "Heparin", "Warfarin", "Fragmin";
- fibrinolytics - "Fortelizin", "Thromboflux", "Streptase";
- vitamins C, E and P;
- antispasmodics - "Papaverine", "No-shpa", "Spazmalgon";
- anti-inflammatory drugs - "Indomethacin", "Ibuklin";
- vascular agents - Curantil, Pentoxifylline;
- if a bacterial infection is detected, antibiotics are prescribed - Gordox, Cefazolin, Azithromycin, Contrical;
- steroid hormones are needed for autoimmune diseases - "Dexamethasone", "Prednisolone".
If the patient has revealed paraneoplastic hypercoagulable syndrome - a pathology that has arisen against the background of malignant tumors, surgery is performed. In severe cases, the introduction of crystalloid and colloidal solutions, transfusion of donated blood may be indicated.