Modern doctors tend not to use antibacterial agents for otolaryngological diseases in adult patients, unless absolutely necessary. So, if a person is not worried about severe pain, hyperthermia and edema, and the general condition of the patient does not cause concern, the doctor takes a wait-and-see attitude and antimicrobials are not prescribed due to:
- a high probability of the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria;
- manifestations of side effects.
What are the best antibiotics for ENT diseases in adult patients?
Indications
In cases where the patient has the following diseases, timely administration of antimicrobials becomes vital:
- Purulent otitis media is a common otorhinolaryngological disease, purulent inflammation of the middle ear with the involvement of all its anatomical departments in the pathological process.
- Angina is an infectious disease with local manifestations in the form of acute inflammation of the components of the lymphatic pharyngeal ring, most often of the tonsils, caused by streptococci or staphylococci, rarely other microorganisms, viruses and fungi.
- Acute tonsillitis.
- Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more sinuses. It can occur as a complication in acute cold, flu, other infectious diseases, as well as after facial trauma.
What antibiotics are there for ENT infections?
Differences in antibiotics
Antibacterial drugs are divided into several therapeutic groups:
- Aminoglycosides are nephro- and ototoxic drugs that are effective against gram-negative bacteria that cause sexually transmitted diseases, as well as meningitis and digestive damage. These antimicrobial agents are not used for otolaryngological diseases in children and adult patients due to low efficacy and a large list of adverse reactions.
- Sulfanilamides are systemic antibacterial agents with a wide spectrum of action. Adversely affect clostridia, listeria, protozoa and chlamydia. For the treatment of ENT diseases, sulfonamides are extremely rare. As a rule, with individual intolerance to fluoroquinolones and penicillin group preparations.
- Penicillins are active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, so they are widely used in ENT practice for the treatment of adult patients and children. They have few contraindications, but they can provoke serious allergies.
- Cephalosporins have a bactericidal effect. Used to eliminate streptococci and staphylococci, which in most cases cause tonsillitis, sinusitis and otitis media.
- Macrolides are the safest antibacterial agents. Well eliminate mycoplasmas, chlamydia. They have a bacteriostatic effect.
- Fluoroquinolones are the most popular broad-spectrum, highly effective antimicrobial drugs. Help with lesions of meningococcus, staphylococcus. It is forbidden during pregnancy, breastfeeding, drugs have an extensive list of adverse reactions.
A medical specialist makes a decision on the prescription of drugs of one or another group for otolaryngological diseases, based on methodological recommendations, as well as on the anamnesis, information on the effectiveness of previously used medicines and reactions to prescribed drugs. What antibiotics are used for ENT diseases in adult patients?
Antibacterials to eliminate sinusitis in adults
Sinusitis is an inflammatory process of the membrane that affects the nasal sinuses. At the place of occurrence, the following inflammations are distinguished:
- Sinusitis - defeat of the maxillary sinuses of the nose.
- Ethmoiditis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cells of the ethmoid bone.
- Frontitis is a disease in which an inflammatory process develops in the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus of the nose.
- Sphenoiditis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membrane of the sphenoid sinus.
Sinusitis in adult patients and children can be acute or chronic, the main symptoms of the disease in the acute phase:
- purulent discharge from the nose;
- hyperthermia - overheating, the accumulation of excess heat in the human body with an increase in body temperature, caused by external factors that impede heat transfer to the environment;
- throbbing pain in the frontal region, above the upper jaw, which intensifies when the head is tilted down. Pain can be aggravated even by a blow of a cold wind in the face.
A disease in a chronic form may have a blurry picture with less severe symptoms. Incorrect and untimely treatment of the disease can provoke meningitis and sepsis. Sometimes such complications are fatal for the patient.
Penicillins
Systemic treatment of sinusitis is carried out after receiving the results of the tests, but, if there is no time to wait, ENT chooses antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action of the penicillin group, for example:
- Amoxicillin.
- Amoxiclav.
- "Flemoxin Solutab".
Amoxicillin is a broad-spectrum medicine, but
if its effectiveness in a particular situation is small, the therapy is adjusted using Amoxiclav, a protected antibacterial agent in which the main trace element is supplemented with clavulanic acid.
Both Amoxicillin and Amoxiclav are well absorbed in the stomach and intestines, and are distributed throughout all body tissues. Urine preparations are excreted, so the main contraindication to their use is damage to the excretory system and general intolerance of the active substance.
It is necessary to use medicines for otolaryngological diseases orally or in injections.
"Flemoxin Solutab" is the same "Amoxicillin", only the drug is manufactured under a different brand name. It is released from drugstores in tablet form.
For diseases, ENT prescribes antibiotics for children:
- Erythromycin.
- "Azithromycin".
- Sumamed.
These antibacterial agents have little toxicity, do not provoke the appearance of allergies, like penicillin drugs.
For the treatment of patients, these drugs are used in the form of tablets, capsules and powder for the manufacture of a suspension.
Cephalosporins
The most popular third-generation drugs, such as Ceftriaxone. The medication helps to cope with purulent sinusitis, it is made in the form of a powder, from which an injection is prepared with the help of solvents. The introduction is painful, the appearance of pronounced local reactions is likely.
For local therapy of inflammatory processes in the lining of the nasal sinuses in adult patients, drops and sprays with an antibiotic are used:
- "Isofra" is a French medicine, the structure of which includes framycetin, active against coccal microorganisms.
- "Polydex" copes well with sinusitis and otitis media. Available in the form of spray and drops. The drug is effective in purulent discharge.
- "Bioparox" has an active component - fusafungin. It is produced in the form of an aerosol, eliminates swelling of the mucous membranes of the sinuses.
For effective treatment of sinusitis with local antimicrobial drugs, it is necessary first of all to use vasoconstrictor drops, which will eliminate edema and give the necessary antibiotic patency.
Otitis
The pathological condition of the hearing organ of infectious origin. There are several types of otitis media:
The most popular is otitis media. It covers the cavity from the eardrum to the area in which the auditory bones are located. A large number of cases are children under five years of age, but adults also suffer from this ailment.
The main sources of the disease:
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa and hemophilic bacilli.
- Staphylococcus
- Pneumococcus.
- Mushrooms of the genus Candida.
Medications for the treatment of otitis media in adult patients
For therapy, systemic antibacterial agents are used:
- Amosil.
- Ospamox.
- Flemoxin.
- Amoxiclav.
- Zinnat.
- "Aksotin."
- Zinacef.
- "Cephurus".
- Ceftriaxone.
In exceptional situations, otolaryngologists recommend adult patients drugs from the group of fluoroquinolones, for example, Norfloxacin in tablet form.
Local therapy is also effective, which is carried out by drops of two types, which include only an antibiotic: Ciprofarm, Normax, Otofa.
If the mucous membrane of the ear canal is infected with fungi, doctors recommend combined creams: Clotrimazole, Pimafucin, Pimafucort.
When choosing the most suitable ear drops for adult patients and children, it is extremely important to determine whether there was a perforation of the eardrum, which usually occurs with otitis media. If a breakthrough of pus is detected, the patient can only use single-component antimicrobial drops without an analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect.
In addition, it is also not recommended to use the antibiotic aminoglycoside:
- Gentamicin.
- Framycetin.
- Neomycin.
- Polymyxin.
These active trace elements have an ototoxic effect on the auditory ossicles and the mucous membrane of the inner ear, which can cause hearing loss, deafness, or inflammation of the membranes of the brain.
Therefore, treatment of otitis media cannot be carried out without examination and monitoring by a medical specialist.
Angina
An acute infectious disease, the causative agents of which violate the tonsils. Signs:
- Raising body temperature to high levels.
- Severe sore throat.
- Enlarged palatine tonsils.
- Abscesses or serous plaque on the tonsils.
- Migraine is a neurological disease, the most frequent and characteristic symptom of which is episodic or regular severe and painful headache in one half of the head.
- Oppression.
- Apathy is a symptom expressed in indifference, indifference, in a detached attitude to what is happening around, in the absence of a desire for any activity.
- Lethargy.
- Pallor of the skin.
- Tachycardia is a special condition of the body in which the heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute.
The diagnosis is made on the basis of studies of the purulent contents of the pharynx, as well as an assessment of the general condition of the patient. The following ailments are likely to occur:
- Myocarditis.
- Rheumatism
- Meningitis
- Pyelonephritis.
Otolaryngological diseases are eliminated in adults with antibiotics (ENT will prescribe the necessary after diagnosis). Infections of the respiratory tract provoke:
- streptococcus;
- staphylococcus;
- staphylococcus and streptococcus.
Antibiotics to eliminate sore throat in adult patients
Very rarely, infection occurs with Staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, mixed flora. The distributor of the infection is always an infected person, the transmission route is airborne. Systemic therapy of adult patients is carried out with the following medicines:
- Amoxicillin
- Amoxiclav.
- Erythromycin.
- Sumamed.
- "Zitrolide".
- Hemomycin.
- Zinnat.
- Ceftriaxone.
- Ciprofloxacin.
Local treatment in adult patients is carried out by irrigation of the pharynx with antimicrobial agents "Bioparox", "Hexoral", as well as frequent rinsing of the throat with "Hexoral", "Orasept" solutions. All these are medicines with antiseptic substances for additional treatment of angina.
Sources of acute tonsillitis cannot be suppressed only with the use of local drugs. The otolaryngologist, having made such a diagnosis to the patient, is sure to recommend systemic antibacterial agents.
As a rule, tonsillitis is called tonsillitis, which can be both acute and chronic. According to experts, this ENT disease can rarely be picked up from the environment, in most cases, self-infection occurs due to a decrease in immunity. The loss of protective forces causes the growth of conditionally pathogenic microflora of the mouth and pharynx. Tonsillitis constantly appears in the presence of caries, as well as sinusitis, stomatitis.
What antibiotics for the treatment of ENT diseases can be used by pregnant women
ENT diseases systematically appear in women in an “interesting position”. For nine months, it is difficult not to catch bacteria or a virus that can provoke sinusitis or otitis media.
In difficult situations, antibiotic therapy cannot be dispensed with, since there is a high probability of intrauterine infection of the fetus and the development of complex pathologies.
As a rule, otolaryngologists prescribe to pregnant women:
- penicillins;
- macrolides;
- cephalosporins.
Medicines of these groups pass through the placental barrier, but do not have a detrimental effect on the fetus. It is strongly not recommended to use aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones, they have a destructive effect on the development and growth of the baby.
The remaining groups of drugs are allowed in part, depending on the period of pregnancy.
Any antibiotic for ENT diseases of the respiratory system should be prescribed to a woman in the "position" only by a medical specialist. The otolaryngologist may not know about the patient’s pregnancy. Therefore, when visiting a specialist, it is necessary to indicate this condition.