An integral part of the art of urban planning or “frozen music”, as architecture is often called, is an architectural order. The word comes from the Latin expression "ordo", which means "order, order." This is an orderly, perfected, based on strict calculations and rules rack-and-beam construction.
The emergence of the Tuscan order as an architectural form
From the time of ancient Mediterranean civilizations to the present day, there are 5 architectural orders. There were later attempts to create French and American warrants, but they failed to be on par with the classical five, whose representatives differ from each other in size and proportion, artistic interpretation of the elements, place of origin. Along with Hellas, Ancient Etruria (modern Tuscany) existed. Hence the name - the Tuscan order, but sometimes it is also called Etruscan. It is believed that
ancient Greece gave the world three architectural types - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, and later two more appeared - Tuscan, or simple, and complex, which appeared in Ancient Rome. Other researchers, such as the ancient Roman architect and mechanic Vitruvius, argue that the Tuscan order is a more ancient, or archaic, form of a Doric type column. In any case, a certain similarity of the structures and layouts of the temples speaks of their kinship, both are stable. The very second name - “simple” - means that the Tuscan order stands out from all of its unpretentious and reliable.
Proportions and ratios of the order
What is an order in general? This is an
architectural design, which is a complex consisting of a pedestal, a column, bearing parts and entablature - the bearing part. All five orders are characterized by this construction, in each of which all parts are comparable with each other. In addition, there is a division into full and incomplete orders, in which the total height of the architectural structure consists of 19 architectural fragments in the first case and five in the second. They are distributed as follows:
- the pedestal gets 4 parts of the total length;
- the column gets 12 parts;
- the entablature, respectively, three parts.
As for the incomplete version, in which there is no pedestal, the distribution goes as four and one part. The components of the entablature itself are also interesting, which includes three parts: architrave, frieze and cornice. The Tuscan warrant differs from its counterparts also in that there is no frieze in its upper supporting structure, the middle recessed part.
Construction Features
The apparent external simplicity of the full version is somewhat misleading. This architectural form from the basement to the attic has 32 details. Specific concepts such as entasis or thinning, module, school desk are used to calculate the Tuscan order, the construction of which is justified in the work “On Architecture” of the aforementioned Vitruvius. Both calculation and construction are distinguished by comparative simplicity, because all quantities used for this are multiples of each other. So, the module represents the radius of the base of the column, and its height totals (at the Tuscan order) 7 diameters, each of which contains 24 desks. At 1/3 of the height, the cylindrical body of the column takes a conical shape. This is called entasis.
The value of antique orders in the architecture of later times
All ancient Greek and Roman orders were widely used in ancient architecture. They trimmed the facades of temples and government buildings, with their help erected rotundas and open galleries. Actually, it is only by them that one can judge the architecture and decorative art of antiquity. Then, for a long time, interest in them was lost and again began to appear in the 15th century, during the Renaissance. Baroque and classicism did not remain indifferent to these architectural forms. In a word, interest in them began to fade only towards the end of the 19th century. The Tuscan order in the architecture of Russian Empire held a prominent place. Many Orthodox churches got off with columns. A bright representative of the Empire in Russia was Karl Rossi. And on the street named after him in St. Petersburg, on the facades of other buildings in Moscow,
Sevastopol (Grafskaya pier), there are architectural elements from the time of Ancient Greece and Rome. They, according to tradition, symbolize the greatness of the spirit and military glory of the nation.