We will understand that this is type 2 diabetes mellitus. Currently, this disease is becoming more common not only in Russia but throughout the world. According to recent reports, over the past ten years, the number of patients has increased by sixty percent. In this regard, it is important to understand the symptoms, provoking factors and available treatment options for this ailment. What is type 2 diabetes, it is important to find out in advance.
Basic concepts
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common non-infectious chronic disease. It can affect men and women, often over the age of forty. The danger of type 2 diabetes mellitus (ICD-10 - E11) is underestimated by many, and some patients, in fact, are not even informed that their body is prone to illness.
And one who is aware of the pathology often does not know what it is and what threatens it, and at the same time does not suspect the danger posed by this disease. As a result, type 2 diabetes can take extremely severe forms, leading to threatening conditions. By the way, disability with type 2 diabetes is also possible.
Meanwhile, adequate therapy with proper nutrition can stop the development of such a disease. So, let's start by finding out what are the causes and symptoms of the disease in question.
Causes
To understand that this is type 2 diabetes, we will understand the reasons. They can be very diverse. The wrong type often leads to the second type along with a lack of physical activity, excess weight, heredity, stress, self-medication, for example, glucocorticosteroids and the like. In fact, often a factor is not one premise, but a set of all sorts of reasons.
Considering the onset of this disease in terms of pathogenesis, it is worth noting that type 2 diabetes is usually caused by a lack of insulin. This is a condition against which this protein produced by the pancreas is inaccessible to receptors that are located on cell membranes. As a result, the cells are simply unable to properly absorb glucose, which leads to a lack of sugar supply to them, as well as to the accumulation of this substance in the blood and its excessive deposition in different tissues. It is by this criterion that the form of diabetes under consideration differs from the first type, in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and its symptoms
The signs of this disease depend largely on the stage of the disease itself. At first, the patient may not feel serious malaise, except for the presence of increased fatigue, as well as manifestations such as dry mouth, increased thirst and appetite. Such a condition is usually attributed to the wrong diet, and, in addition, to the syndrome of constant fatigue and stress.
But in fact, the cause is a hidden pathology. In the process of the development of the disease, symptoms may include poor healing of wounds in combination with weakened immunity, pain and swelling in the limbs, discomfort in the head and dermatitis. Obesity with type 2 diabetes occurs very often. Unfortunately, for many, this ailment develops unhindered until it reaches an intractable stage or leads a person to threatening conditions.
We will discuss the treatment of type 2 diabetes and nutrition in detail below.
Therapy
In fact, today there are no sufficiently effective methods that increase the absorption of glucose, in connection with this, the main emphasis in treatment is on lowering in the blood an excessive concentration of sugar. In addition, efforts are aimed at reducing excess weight and bringing it back to normal, as the abundance of adipose tissue plays a large role in the pathogenesis of this disease.
The main factor affecting the likelihood of complications in type 2 diabetes is a violation of the lipid metabolism. Excessive cholesterol, which differs from the required norm, can lead to the development of angiopathies. By the way, with obesity type 2 diabetes is observed quite often.
The main methods of therapy
Type 2 diabetes is a disease that requires a long and persistent medical intervention. In fact, all the methods used are divided into the following three groups:
- Taking special medications.
- Compliance with the diet.
- Change in habits and lifestyle.
Effective therapy involves combating the pathology itself and with concomitant diseases in the form of obesity, hypertension, angiopathy, neuropathy, depression and so on.
This type of diabetes is treated on an outpatient basis, as well as at home. Hospitalization, as a rule, is subject to patients with hyperosmolar and hyperglycemic coma. In addition, patients with ketoacidosis, severe neuropathy and angiopathy, stroke, and so on should be under strict medical supervision.
What type of diabetes medication is prescribed?
In fact, all medications for diabetes are divided into two groups:
- Means that affect the process of insulin production.
- Medications that do not.
The main drug belonging to the second group is Metformin from the biguanide category. This remedy is most often prescribed for type 2 diabetes. It does not affect pancreatic cells and maintains normal glucose in the blood. The tool does not threaten the patient with a critically low decrease in the level of this element. They also burn fat and decrease appetite, which leads to a decrease in excess weight in patients. True, an overdose of this drug can be dangerous, since the occurrence of severe pathological conditions with a high mortality rate, which occurs as a result of lactic acidosis, is not ruled out.
Typical representatives of another group of drugs that affect insulin production are sulfonylureas. They directly stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas, as a result of which they produce insulin in an increased amount. But an overdose of such means threatens the patient with the onset of a hypoclycemic crisis. Such medicines are usually taken in conjunction with Metformin.
There are alternative types of medications. The class of drugs that enhance the production of insulin include incretinomimetics with inhibitors. But these are new medicines, and so far they are quite expensive. Their action involves the suppression of the synthesis of sugar-boosting glucagon along with an increase in the activity of incretins (hormones of the digestive system), which increases the production of insulin.
There is also a drug that interferes with the absorption of glucose, we are talking about "Acarbose". This tool does not affect the production of insulin. It is often prescribed for preventive purposes to prevent the development of diabetes.
There are also drugs for type 2 diabetes, which increase the output of glucose in the urine, and drugs that increase the sensitivity of cells. Medical insulin is rarely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Often, it is applicable in case of ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs, as well as against the background of a decompensated form of diabetes, when the pancreas is depleted and is not able to produce enough insulin.
Among others, currently, in the treatment of this form of the disease, drugs are used in the form of Glibenclamide, Chlorpropamide, Tolazamide, Repaglinide, Nateglinide, Exenatide, Liraglutida, Lixisenatide and others.
Means "Difort"
This is an innovative drug for diabetes, which serves as a unique opportunity to get rid of any signs of this disease. It helps eliminate its cause. According to the developers, the symptoms of dry mouth, perpetual hunger, or, conversely, lack of appetite, muscle pain, constant thirst, and digestive system problems (all these are manifestations of type 2 diabetes) “Diffort” will eliminate in just one month.
It is worth noting that this medication is suitable for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and is considered effective at any stage of the disease in question. It can be used without any health concerns, as it is absolutely safe. Natural components not only restore insulin sensitivity, but also improve the work of the cardiac, vascular, endocrine, genitourinary, nervous and digestive systems.
How does "Difort" work?
The biogenic composition of the drug begins its work only when used together with an activator. The active ingredients enter the small intestine, combine with natural enzymes there and in half an hour penetrate the blood. With it, the components are sent to peptide cells, starting their work to stabilize and regulate their sensitivity to insulin.
Type 2 diabetes and diet
Nutrition in the treatment of type 2 diabetes plays an important role. The essence of changing the diet is the regulation of nutrients entering the digestive system. The necessary nutrition is determined by the endocrinologist, which is done individually for each patient, taking into account the overall severity of diabetes, concomitant ailments, lifestyle, age and so on.
To date, several varieties of diets are used that are used in this form of diabetes. All of them have proven themselves well and differ from each other only in some details. But they agree that the norms of carbohydrate intake in case of illness are strictly limited.
First of all, this relates to products containing fast elements, that is, those that are instantly absorbed from the digestive system. As a rule, they are found in sugar, jam, in various confectionery products, and, in addition, they include chocolate, ice cream, desserts, baked butter products. In addition to reducing the amount of carbohydrates, it is necessary to strive for weight loss, since increased body weight is a factor that aggravates the course of this disease.
Additional guidance
It is recommended to increase the use of water in order to replenish the fluid against the background of rapid urination, which is often associated with diabetes. At the same time, it is required to completely abandon sugary drinks such as cola, lemonade, kvass, juice and tea with sugar. In fact, you can only drink drinks that do not contain glucose, we are talking about mineral and plain water, unsweetened tea and coffee. It must be remembered that the use of alcohol is also excluded, since it disrupts glucose metabolism. Food is required regularly, that is, at least three times a day, and preferably five or six. You should not sit down at the table immediately after physical exertion. What is possible with type 2 diabetes and what is not, it is better to know in advance.
Allowed and Prohibited Products
Before considering in detail the products that can be consumed in this disease, we recall the criteria by which they are selected:
- They should not contain carbohydrates. Only their minimal availability is allowed.
- Low glycemic index.
- The content of vitamins and minerals.
- They must be tasty and nutritious.
There are many products that meet these requirements. Making a safe and mouth-watering menu for a diabetic is not at all difficult. In order to visually study the nutrition elements that can be eaten with this form of the disease, we consider them in groups.
Is it possible for type 2 cereals in diabetes mellitus?
Cereals
What is the basis of the diet for each of us, for diabetics, unfortunately, is absolutely prohibited. Porridge for type 2 diabetes, along with flour and pasta, is prohibited, as it contains a lot of carbohydrates, which must be excluded from your menu. You can give preference to exotic options in the form of green buckwheat or rice quinoa, which contain the least amount of carbohydrates. But only as an exception, when you want very much.
Vegetables - is it possible or not?
Is it possible to have vegetables of type 2 diabetes mellitus? They form an important part of the patient’s diet. Almost all of them are characterized by a low glycemic index and a low concentration of carbohydrates. There are exceptions:
- The allowed vegetables in this form of the disease include eggplant, along with tomatoes, zucchini, cabbage, onions, beans.
- The list of prohibited crops consists of boiled and fried potatoes, corn, beets, pumpkins.
You can or cannot eat certain vegetables for this disease, depending on the situation. In any case, everything must be treated responsibly. Do not overdo it with permitted products, but the categorization of prohibitions is also not absolute. It all depends on the course of the disease in a particular patient, the reactions of his body. A small amount of a prohibited product will not harm if compensated by a strict diet in relation to other components of undesirable food.
What else can you eat with type 2 diabetes?
Dairy products
Milk with its derivatives is allowed in type 2 diabetes and is even recommended. Milk nutrition has three important functions:
- They are supplied with bacteria in the intestines that improve the microflora of the mucosa.
- Protection of the digestive system from putrefactive bacteria.
- A positive effect on the level of ketone bodies and glucose.
When choosing dairy foods for a diabetic, the only rule to remember is that it should be low-fat. Milk with cottage cheese, low-fat varieties of hard cheeses, yogurt and sour cream should become the basis of the patient's diet. But there are exceptions. Some dairy foods have a high glycemic index.
Fruits and Berries, Vegetables
What can I eat from fruits with type 2 diabetes? They are not prohibited, but preference must be given to vegetables containing a large amount of undigestible useful fiber. True, many vegetables, for example, potatoes, carrots and beets contain a lot of starch, so their inclusion in the diet should be limited. Fruits with type 2 diabetes can be consumed in moderation, and only those that do not contain an excessive amount of carbohydrates (unfortunately, there are a lot of them in bananas, grapes, and melon). They are not recommended for use, as they can increase sugar levels.
Meat and fish
These are perhaps the ideal components of any diabetic menu. They do not contain carbohydrates that affect glucose levels. Their index is zero. When including fish and meat in the diet, there are several points to keep in mind:
- They are rarely prepared in the form of a stand-alone dish, and if oil or flour is added, the index rises.
- The thermal exposure time also affects the glycemic index of the products. Therefore, you need to choose recipes with the shortest cooking time.
The only meat that is not recommended for diabetics is lamb, which can contribute to the occurrence of concomitant pathologies. Preference should be given to diet sausages and sausages. They are not oversaturated with spices and do not affect glucose concentration.
Fish is still easier. Diabetics are allowed any of its species, except perhaps exotic varieties. An important role in this is played by the cooking method. What is impossible with type 2 diabetes from fish? Smoked and salted fish is prohibited. It is best to eat boiled. You can eat it no more than 150 grams per day, and include in the menu three or four times a week.
Type 2 diabetes in the legs
In patients with this disease, quite often various pathological changes in the legs appear, and even a common problem (for example, a callus or a crack) can lead to a serious complication: the development of diabetic foot syndrome (ulcers, gangrene). The main reasons for the development of such lesions are:
- The presence of damage to nerve peripheral fibers, that is, neuropathy, which leads to a decrease in peripheral sensitivity.
- Violation of blood flow in the arteries of the legs due to atherosclerosis. In type 2 diabetes, this condition is very common.
- .
, , , , . , , , , , , .
, . , .
Thus, in order to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis, the above factors should be monitored. The main symptom of this ailment of the lower extremities is the appearance of pain during walking, which passes after some time after stopping. If a diabetic has such a symptom, quit smoking immediately. Among other things, you need to regularly take medications that will control blood pressure and reduce atherogenic lipids in the blood. In some situations, medications that improve peripheral blood flow may be effective.
Diet
Now, consider a menu with recipes for type 2 diabetes, which can be used as part of a diet in the presence of this ailment:
- One of the popular dishes that will be perfect for an afternoon snack is baked apples with cottage cheese. So, we will learn how to cook them. To do this, you need 150 grams of cottage cheese, six apples, two tablespoons of powdered sugar, a pinch of vanilla and the same amount of starch. Apples are best taken in the same size. Their color and grade do not matter. Wash fruits and cut off the "lids". Using a teaspoon, carefully remove the core with seeds, leaving a thick wall. Then put the cottage cheese with powdered sugar, starch, vanilla and egg yolk into the blender bowl. It is processed into a homogeneous mass. If desired, you can add dried raisins. The apples are placed in a suitable form, pre-lubricated with butter. Fill them with curd filling and bake at one hundred and ninety degrees in the oven for thirty minutes.
- Another suitable recipe would be pink salmon cooked in a cooker. In addition to 500 grams of fish, you will need 150 grams of green beans and fennel, as well as half a lemon and a spoonful of olive oil. All vegetables are washed and dried. Beans and asparagus are cut in two centimeters. Fennel is cleaned of the first layers and chopped. The slow cooker is set to frying, olive oil is poured. Then everything is fried and stirred for three minutes, no more. Lemon is cut in half. Remove the zest from one half and squeeze the juice. Slightly salt the vegetables, mix and level. Then set the "quenching" for fifteen minutes. The fish is laid out on a vegetable pad, watered with lemon juice and sprinkled with zest. Pour two tablespoons of water, close the lid and bring to readiness.
We considered that it is type 2 diabetes. It is a serious illness requiring a strict diet and regular medical supervision. It is worth noting that compliance with medical recommendations on these issues helps minimize its detrimental effect on the body.