Instructions for the use of Ceftriaxone in pneumonia and other diseases indicate that its bactericidal effect is achieved by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls (gram-negative aerobic and anaerobic, gram-positive aerobic microorganisms). In laboratory conditions, activity was established against most of the strains of the following microorganisms:
- freundy citrobacter;
- Providence
- salmonella;
- streptococci;
- shigella;
- genus Bacteroids and others.
According to the instructions for use of Ceftriaxone, staphylococci resistant to methicillin are insensitive to the drug, as well as to other cephalosporins. To this antibiotic are resistant and streptococcus gr. D, as well as enterococci (including E. faecalis).
Pharmacokinetics of the drug
Ceftriaxone, when administered intramuscularly, is rapidly and fully absorbed into the blood, penetrating well into tissues, organs and body fluids. In case of meningeal infection, it effectively enters the cerebrospinal fluid. The bioavailability of the drug with intramuscular injections is 100%. In adults, for 2 days, 50-60% of Ceftriaxone is excreted unchanged in the urinary system, about 40-50% goes into the intestine as part of bile, where it is converted into an inactive metabolic product. In newborns with urine, approximately 70% of the substance is excreted.
Release form
Produced in the form of a powder for dilution of solutions, which are administered intravenously (by stream or by drop) and intramuscularly in various doses: 0.5 grams; 1 gram; 2 grams. Ceftriaxone is not available in tablets.
Indications for use
Infection with cephalosporin-sensitive bacteria. The following is a list of Ceftriaxone readings:
- infections of the gastrointestinal tract, bile ducts, peritonitis, acute purulent cholecystitis;
- inflammation of the respiratory system (pneumonia, lung abscess, purulent pleurisy, etc.);
- infectious lesions of the bone system and joints;
- damage to the skin layer and soft tissues;
- purulent wounds and burns;
- endocarditis;
- meningitis;
- urinary tract inflammation (e.g. pyelonephritis);
- sepsis;
- salmonellosis and carriage of salmonella;
- typhoid fever;
- tick-borne borreliosis (Lyme disease);
- syphilis;
- chancroid;
- gonorrhea;
- infectious diseases in patients with weakened immune defenses;
- prevention of postoperative bacterial complications.
This is just a small list of what Ceftriaxone helps. The tool has a wide spectrum of action and is used for many diseases.
Contraindications
Basically, the drug is well tolerated by the body. With its introduction with side effects, patients are quite rare. But still, situations arise in which the drug should not be used, since it can cause harm to the body. The use of a medication is strictly prohibited with hypersensitivity to one of its ingredients. A serious contraindication will be severe conditions in diseases of the kidneys and liver. The drug is not prescribed in the first trimester to women in position. Ceftriaxone solution is not administered during breastfeeding, as it is concentrated in milk, which may affect the condition of the baby. With increased caution, the drug is administered to children with jaundice of newborns, patients with diseases of the intestinal tract, including enteritis and colitis.
Side effects
Instructions for use "Ceftriaxone" states that when using a substance both intravenously and intramuscularly, a therapeutic agent can activate side effects. The digestive system can give an answer to the receipt of funds. After the introduction of the drug, the skin and sclera can acquire a yellowish tint.
Patients experience inflammation in the large intestine. Children complain of upset or colitis. Often, patients after using the drug notice allergic manifestations: swelling, irritation, redness, urticaria, rashes.
Serum sickness and anaphylactic shock are found. With the introduction of the drug intravenously or locally, the temperature may increase, a febrile condition appears, accompanied by chills, confusion, agitation. Sand can form intensively in the kidneys, and the content of eosinophils in the blood can increase.
During the use of the substance, it is forbidden to drink alcohol intravenously or intramuscularly, as ethanol can provoke powerful spasms in the intestinal tract, leading to a rapid drop in blood pressure.
How many days to inject Ceftriaxone for pneumonia and other diseases?
Patients over 12 years of age are prescribed a dosage of 1-2 g / day or 0.5-1 g every twelve hours. Maximum per day take up to 4 g of the drug. Children weighing 50 kilograms or more use an adult dosage.
Newborns (up to two weeks) are allowed "Ceftriaxone" in a dosage of 0.02-0.05 g / kg of weight per day. The dose for infants and children under 12 years old is 0.02 - 0.08 g / kg of weight per day.
The duration of the therapeutic course is determined, taking into account the nature of the course and the severity of the disease. For example, with bacterial meningitis, infants and young children are prescribed 0.1 g / kg once a day. Maximum 4 g per day. Depending on the causative agent of the disease, the duration of therapy is calculated: from 4 days for meningeal infection provoked by gram-negative diplococci, up to 10-14 days for infection with enterobacteria.
Children are prescribed Ceftriaxone at a dosage of 0.05-0.75 g / kg body weight once a day, or half this dose every 12 hours, but not more than 2 g / day. In other forms of infection, children are prescribed 0.03 g / kg every 12 hours, similarly, the dose should not exceed 2 g per day. In the case of otitis media, the drug is administered intramuscularly at 0.05 g / kg body weight, but not more than 1000 mg in total.
In case of impaired renal function, a dosage change will be required exclusively in case of terminal renal failure (creatinine clearance below 0.01 ml / min) according to the instructions for use. The course of Ceftriaxone will be as follows: the daily volume should not exceed 2 g.
"Ceftriaxone" with gonorrhea 0.25 g is prescribed once intramuscularly. As a prevention of postoperative bacterial complications, a dose of 1-2 g is prescribed (taking into account the level of risk of bacterial infection) once before surgery for 30-90 minutes. When operating the large intestine, the introduction of an additional substance from the group of 5-nitroimidazoles is recommended.
Rules for dilution and use of "Ceftriaxone"
Many are interested in how to plant Ceftriaxone injections. Tablets are not produced, although they would be more convenient to use. Injectable drugs are diluted right before the injection. Freshly prepared Ceftriaxone solution at room temperature retains its healing properties for up to 6 hours.
A solution of Ceftriaxone with lidocaine for intramuscular injections: half a gram of medicine per 2 ml of lidocaine, and a gram per 3.5 ml of solvent. In the second case, the effect of the use of the drug does not change, but with the introduction it will be more painful. It is recommended to put in one buttock no more than 1 gram of the drug. "Ceftriaxone" with lidocaine is the most common remedy for the above diseases.
Ceftriaxone solution for injection (intravenously) is prepared in the following proportions: half a gram of the drug per 5 ml, and 1 gram per 10 ml of special sterile water. The prepared solution is put into a vein slowly: in about 2-4 minutes. The number of days to inject Ceftriaxone, and what this medicine helps with, will be indicated by the doctor.
Solutions for intravenous antibiotic infusions are prepared as follows: 2 g of Ceftriaxone should be diluted with 40 ml of one of these solvents: 0.9% sodium chloride solution, or 5% levulose, or 5-10% glucose. The dosage of the drug is 0.05 g / kg of weight and higher is placed in a vein with a dropper for half an hour.
Interaction with other means
The drug is incompatible with antimicrobial agents. When used, the effect of aminoglycosides increases. Anti-inflammatory non-steroidal medicines can increase the risk of bleeding. Nephrotoxic pharmaceuticals and diuretics can lead to pathologies of kidney function.
Overdose
With an overdose of a pharmaceutical, side effects may increase. Treatment is based on symptomatic cure. At the same time, peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis will be inconclusive.
special instructions
With prolonged therapy, it is necessary from time to time to monitor the state of the blood, plasma, and kidneys. In rare situations, during the ultrasound of the gallbladder, doctors fix blackouts. They disappear instantly after withdrawal of the solution. The use of the antibiotic is not interrupted, even if the patient begins to complain of pain under the ribs, however, symptomatic treatment is certainly carried out.
The first injection of a substance with lidocaine is carried out with all precautions, so the drug provokes an allergy. Before starting treatment, it is best to make a test: a little substance is injected into the muscle and the patient's condition is monitored. In the event that any manifestations of a negative nature are absent, then the drug can be adjusted. However, another buttock is used for this.
"Rocefin"
This medicine is used for bacterial inflammation: peritonitis, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary tract, pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchitis, disease of bones and joints, skin and muscles.
Prevention "Rocefinum" can be done after surgery. It is prescribed for people with a very weak immune system.
Cefotaxime
"Cefotaxime" is a cephalosporin antibiotic intended for parenteral administration. Available in powder form for injection. The action is carried out by inhibiting the synthesis of mucopeptide in the cell walls of microorganisms. It inhibits the activity of microorganisms that can be resistant to other antibiotics. Cefotaxime is an analogue of Ceftriaxone. The instructions for use include such indications:
- infectious diseases;
- gonorrhea;
- sepsis;
- salmonellosis;
- wounds and burns that have been infected;
- peritonitis;
- immunodeficiency infections.
"Cefazolin"
"Cefazolin" is a cephalosporin antibiotic. A brief description of:
- has a bactericidal effect;
- interacts with penicillin-binding proteins;
- active against microorganisms.
When using the drug, various side effects are possible (intestinal disorders, allergic reactions, dysbiosis).
Indications:
- soft tissue infections;
- endocarditis;
- gonorrhea;
- pneumonia;
- osteomyelitis;
- sepsis, etc.
In pharmacies, the medicine is presented in two forms of release - powder (1000 and 500 mg). In one package 1-50 bottles.
"Azaran"
Powder for the manufacture of a solution for injection into a vein or muscle from white to white with a yellow tint. It acts antiseptically, inhibiting the division of the cell bactericidal wall.
Indications "Azaran" - an analogue of "Ceftriaxone":
- peritonitis;
- pelvic infections
- bone and joint infections;
- urinary tract infections;
- blood poisoning;
- bacterial meningitis.
"Azaran" is also used for other infectious diseases. Contraindications are individual intolerance to the enzymes of the drug, liver disease, kidney.
Amoxiclav
"Amoxiclav" is a broad category antibiotic drug. Active substances: clavulanic acid, which suppresses a variety of b-lactamases, amoxicillin and penicillin. This combination of active substances "Amoxiclav" allows you to achieve high bactericidal activity of the drug. Clavulanic acid inhibits the degradation of amoxicillin enzymes under the influence of b-lactamases. Due to which there is a bactericidal effect on a wide range of strains, even those having antibiotic resistance due to the formation of b-lactamases. Indication of "Ceftriaxone" analogue is the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases:
- skin integument;
- female reproductive system;
- urinary system;
- bones and joints;
- biliary tract;
- airways (chronic and acute forms of otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and pharyngitis)
For adults - 375 mg (1 tablet) three times a day. With a complex course of the disease, the dosage can be increased to 625 mg three times a day.
Cephalexin
One capsule contains the active substance: 250 g of cephalexin. Additional substances:
- cellulose ether and methadone;
- a salt of calcium and stearic acid;
- potato starch.
Hard-touch yellow capsules with a gelatin composition. In the capsule is a powder with granules of white-yellow color, has a pungent odor. Sometimes this drug can be found in dense capsule columns or in the form of tablets. The drug is very fragile and can crumble under pressure.
The main package contains 10 capsules (tablets) and 3 contour packs with paper instructions for use. And in the packaging for hospitals put contour boxes - 150 pieces and the corresponding number of paper instructions for use. Everything is placed in a large cardboard box.
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin is an analogue of Ceftriaxone. It is a bactericidal drug. It is applied to most bacteria, except anaerobic microorganisms. The antibiotic penetrates without problems into all organs and tissues. It is used in the treatment of diseases caused by sensitive bacterial microflora.
"Amoxicillin" is made in the form of tablets, capsules. Admission before or after a meal of 0.5 g three times a day. Patients from 5 to 10 years old are given a tablet (250 mg) three times a day. Preschool children are given a dose of 125 mg. For those under two years of age, a dose of 20 mg per kilogram of weight is calculated. The course of treatment is about a week, depending on the severity of the disease. With gonorrhea, a dosage of 3 g is prescribed once.