Why does the nose bleed: causes and consequences

Why is there nosebleed? This is a common question. We will understand it in more detail.

Among all patients who turn to ENT doctors, about 10% complain of spontaneous sudden nosebleeds, and most of them are hospitalized for emergency indications, most often in cases after injury.

Pathology Description

Epistaxis after mechanical action does not require further explanation, since the cause of this condition is obvious, but most often there is some concern about the occurrence of frequent nosebleeds that have no apparent cause. Such phenomena can be short-term or long-lasting, insignificant or plentiful, occur in different age groups.

Blood from the nose can go due to violations of the integrity of blood vessels in the nasal cavity or in the presence of certain disorders of blood coagulation. In most cases, nosebleeds begin from the vessels of the anterior nasal cavity, and those that develop from the posterior departments are much more difficult to stop, which makes them highly dangerous for the patient's life, since larger vessels are usually located in the posterior sections of the nose, therefore the intensity of such bleeding is very high.

Why is there nosebleed?

Most often, such phenomena occur due to a violation of the structure of the nasal mucosa in the so-called Kisselbach zone, which is located in the anterior part of the nasal septum. This area is about the size of a penny coin. The mucous membrane in this area is especially loose and thin, and it is abundantly saturated with vessels. It is in this zone of interlacing of blood vessels that even with the slightest damage, severe bleeding can occur.

Why does the child bleed from the nose - parents often ask.

The causes of frequent bleeding at any age can be cardiovascular diseases, kidney and liver diseases, rheumatism, various infectious diseases, for example, syphilis or tuberculosis, various blood pathologies. The blood flow in this case can be a meager discharge from the nose in the form of drops or streams, and blood flows down the back wall of the nasopharynx. This phenomenon may be accompanied by symptoms of severe tachycardia, tinnitus, severe dizziness, weakness, low blood pressure.

Very often, nosebleeds are confused with bleeding from the esophagus, bronchi, lungs, trachea, stomach, etc. But the blood from the nose has one distinctive feature - it is clean and has a liquid consistency, without all kinds of clots and flakes. So why is nosebleed coming? About it further.

The main causes of nosebleeds

External causes that can provoke the occurrence of nosebleed in a healthy person are:

1. Excessive air dryness - especially in childhood, the frequency of nosebleeds is increased with dry air in the room, which becomes especially relevant during the heating season. Such air provokes thinning and drying out of the mucous membrane in the nose, its bonding with capillary vessels, due to which they quickly lose their elasticity and become very brittle.
2. Overheating is one of the most common causes of nosebleeds in healthy people, for example, sun or heat stroke. Such bleeding due to overheating can be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness, fainting, weakness. This may be the answer to the question of why the child is bleeding from the nose.
3. Differential atmospheric pressure. In this case, nosebleeds can occur in pilots or climbers, or in people who go down to the depths, for example, divers, with strong differences in environmental pressure on the vascular system.
4. Intoxication and poisoning of the body, which, for example, may be associated with professional activities. Exposure to a variety of vapors or toxic aerosols can cause nosebleeds. For example, with benzene intoxication, vascular walls are damaged, which can even lead to bleeding of the gums and other adverse effects. With phosphorus poisoning, acute hepatitis may develop, which may be accompanied by hemorrhagic diathesis.
5. Severe coughing or sneezing, when, when these phenomena occur, there is a sharp increase in pressure in the vessels of the head, which leads to their trauma and rupture. This is especially true for capillaries and weakened vessels of the nasal cavity, if sneezing is caused by acute respiratory diseases.
6. Taking certain medications, such as heparin, aspirin and other drugs that can thin the blood. They also include nasal vasoconstrictor drops in the nose, antihistamines, and corticosteroids. Why is blood coming from my nose? The reasons can be very different.

Bleeding from the nose after injuries

The most common cause of nosebleeds is considered to be injuries that people receive during traffic accidents or through industrial or domestic strokes, for example, when they fall, which often lead to a fracture of the cartilage of the nose. Such bleeding in most cases is accompanied by soreness of facial tissues, pronounced swelling of the lesion site, and with fractures of the facial bones or cartilage of the nose, such deformations can be easily visualized.

In addition, trauma to the mucous membranes of the nose can occur during various surgical or diagnostic procedures, for example, during catheterization, probing or puncture of the sinuses.

This is why adult blood comes from the nose.

Epistaxis with ENT diseases

With the development of diseases that locally affect the mucous membranes, in which their congestion and swelling are observed, for example, sinusitis, sinusitis, adenoids in children, nosebleeds can be considered normal. Chronic and allergic rhinitis are also factors that provoke the development of nosebleeds, especially if there is an uncontrolled use of certain hormonal or vasoconstrictive drugs that contribute to thinning of the mucosa and its subsequent atrophy.

Why a person is bleeding from the nose should be determined by a doctor.

Bleeding with curvature of the nasal septum and other abnormalities

As already mentioned, during the treatment of chronic rhinitis, as well as with atrophic rhinitis, dystrophic changes in the nasal mucosa can be observed, which causes bleeding. In addition, such factors are various anomalies in the development of blood vessels, for example, their local expansion, as well as significant violations of the integrity and correctness of the nasal septum. The superficial arrangement of arteries and veins of the nasal mucosa also contributes to the development of this phenomenon, since these vessels are most susceptible to mechanical trauma.

Why is there often nosebleed?

Polyps, tumors and adenoids in the nasal cavity

Frequent discharge of blood from the nose may be the only sign of the occurrence of such pathological formations as benign or malignant neoplasms of the nasopharynx. These include, as a rule, adenoids, angiomas, polyps, specific granuloma and nasal tumors.

Changes in the structure of vascular walls

This phenomenon may be the result of disruption of blood vessels and their increased permeability. Factors for this are:

1. Hypovitaminosis, in particular vitamin C deficiency
2. Infectious and viral diseases - measles, flu, chickenpox, meningitis.
3. Atherosclerosis of the blood vessels can occur with the appearance of nosebleeds
4. Vasculitis, which is an inflammation of the inner lining of the vessel. In this case, diseases, spotting from the nose, as a rule, are insignificant.

Many people wonder why the nose often bleeds. Reasons are very important to identify.

Other causes of bleeding

These include:

1. Hormonal imbalance, for example, in pregnant women or during menopause. Often observed during puberty. As a result of this phenomenon, the work of blood vessels is disrupted, their wall is thinning. This is why the teenager’s nose is bleeding.
2. Arterial hypertension. In particular, during sudden pressure surges, rupture of small vessels located in the nose can occur.
3. A variety of blood diseases: leukemia, bleeding disorders, lower platelet production.
4. Cirrhosis of the liver.
5. Nervous disorders and migraine.
6. Emphysema.
7. Osler's disease.
8. Pathology of the kidneys.
9. Lupus erythematosus.

Necessary actions for nosebleeds

First aid for nosebleeds is as follows:

1. Take a recumbent position, and best of all - sit down and tilt your head forward.
2. Apply a cold object to the nose bridge.
3. To instill a nose with a vasoconstrictor drug, for example, Nazivin, Galazolin, Naphthyzin, but if they are not at hand, it is possible to use hydrogen peroxide for this purpose.
4. If blood flows from the right nostril, then the person is recommended to raise his right hand, and to hold the left nostril with his left. If blood flow comes from both nasal passages, the patient needs to raise both hands up, and the other person needs to pinch both nostrils to him.
5. If such events do not help stop nosebleeds, you must call an ambulance.

Why at night there is blood from the nose, we found out.

How to avoid nosebleeds?

To reduce the risk of such a phenomenon, as well as accelerate the healing of the vessels of the nose after sudden bleeding, will help eliminate drying out of the air in the room. For this, the nasal passages can be lubricated with petroleum jelly or other special ointments, aired twice a day, and it is also possible to instill seawater preparations in the nose - “Aquamaris”, “Salis”.

If the blood stops using standard measures, doctors can treat the nasal mucosa with solutions of epinephrine or ephedrine.

In the absence of the effect of therapy, surgical treatment of this pathology is performed.

Treatment

With severe bleeding and significant blood loss, the patient must be hospitalized in the ENT department of the hospital. In the event of frequent nosebleeds, when there is no reason for this condition, a comprehensive examination should be performed by a neurologist, hematologist, endocrinologist.

In most cases, blood is released from the Kisselbach zone, therefore, in order to prevent it in the future, it may be cauterized. In addition, the specialist may consider it appropriate to carry out the following manipulations:

1. Removal of a foreign body from the nose or polyp.
2. Conducting anterior or posterior tamponade soaked in a 1% solution of amnion, epsilon-aminocaproic acid.
3. Using a hemostatic sponge.
4. Cauterization of the vessel.
5. Intravenous administration of aminocaproic acid, hemodesis, reopoliglyukin, donated blood transfusion, etc.
6. Surgical measures, for example, embolization of large vessels in the affected areas of the mucosa.

We examined why there is blood from the nose.