In the article, we will consider what is the kidney disease.
The kidneys have a complex structure that includes a number of functional units. They also include the CLS, that is, the pyelocaliceal system, which is responsible for the collection and excretion of urine formed in the glomeruli. The structure of the kidney cups, their functions in the body, possible diseases and the need for treatment will be described below.
Kidney structure
Where is the kidney transplants located?
Such an organ as a kidney is paired, a bean-shaped form, it is located in the space behind the peritoneum. It is covered on the outside with fat cells and perinephric tissue, followed by a dense fibrous membrane and parenchyma, that is, a functional tissue in which the liquid blood part is filtered and urine is formed.
From the inside, the surface of the organ is represented by the pyelocaliceal system. 6-12 small cups in the form of a glass are connected at the wide end with a pyramid that emits urine, and narrow connected with each other, forming 3-4 large bowls. Such structural elements then pass through the narrow neck into the renal pelvis.
Under the pelvis is understood the cavity into which the urine secreted by the pyramid enters. Then, under the influence of smooth muscle contractions, all processed fluid goes into the bladder through the ureters and then is completely eliminated from the human body.
The functioning of the pyelocaliceal system and possible pathologies
Based on the anatomical features, the main function of the pyelocaliceal system is the collection, primary accumulation of urine and its evacuation into the bladder.
The kidneys are unified and holistic, it works smoothly and clearly. With impaired functioning of any of its elements in humans, there are violations of the kidneys in particular and the urinary system as a whole. Therefore, it is very important to know the possible symptoms of a defect in the pyelocaliceal system to undergo timely diagnosis and further treatment.
ChLS of the left kidney, as well as the right, is affected most often with various diseases. Below we will consider the most probable causes of its functional and structural changes.
Birth defects
Like any other pathology of the disease of CHS, the kidneys can be acquired and congenital. Among the latter stand out:
- megaureter - a strong expansion of the ureter, which leads to defects in excretory function;
- ureteral strictures - a sudden narrowing or complete contraction of the lumen of the ureter, which leads to a violation of the outflow of urine;
- congenital ureteral reflux - pathological throwing of urine into the renal pelvis from the ureter.
Congenital malformations of the organs that excrete urine most often quickly cause decompensation of the condition and require surgical treatment.
Hydronephrosis
One of the most common disorders of kidney kidney disease is hydronephrosis, caused by a prolonged defect in normal urination. The main causes of this condition are:
- blockage of the ducts of the pelvis or calyx with stone with ICD;
- strictures that develop as a result of chronic or acute inflammation;
- growth in the lumen of the CLS of volumetric formation - malignant and benign tumors;
- kidney injury.
Violation of the outflow of urine causes an increase in pressure in the cups and pelvis, their dilatation, that is, thinning of the surface. Often with this, renal enlargement of the kidneys is widened. When the pathology process spreads to the parenchyma, deformation first occurs, and then complete atrophy of the glomeruli and tubules of the kidneys: the organ ceases to function in the previous mode, and its insufficiency develops.
Typical signs of hydronephrosis are:
- defective downward urinary current;
- renal colic (sudden intense pain in the lumbar region);
- hematuria, that is, excretion in the urine of blood caused by damage to kidney tissue and microtrauma.
With hydronephrosis, conservative treatment is ineffective. Its direction is the relief of pain syndrome, suppression of infection and prevention, pressure reduction, correction of kidney failure in the period before surgery.
In acute hydronephrosis, percutaneous (percutaneous) nephrostomy becomes an emergency method, allowing to remove accumulated urine and reduce kidney pressure.
The types of surgical therapy for hydronephrosis can vary and are determined by the cause of this condition. In general, the methods of surgical treatment of hydronephrosis are divided into organ-removing, organ-preserving and reconstructive.
In what other cases is the case of the right kidney or left kidney affected?
Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis is understood as a chronic or acute inflammatory process of the mucous membrane of the pelvis and calyx.
Patients are often interested in what it is - a kidney densification of the kidneys, and what are its symptoms.
Its main manifestations include:
- lumbar pain - sharp, sharp or pulling, aching;
- dark urine and discomfort during urination;
- signs of intoxication: loss of appetite, fatigue, fever, reaching 38-39.5Λ, headache.
Typical symptoms of pyelonephritis with ultrasound are inflammatory diffuse changes in the structure of the kidneys of both kidneys, compaction. The disease is treated by the appointment of a long antibacterial course, antispasmodics, uroseptics. With severe inflammation of the CLS of both kidneys, hospitalization may be required. In the future, it is important for all patients to adhere to a special diet for the kidneys, maintain a healthy lifestyle and not be cold.
Causes of appearance and classification of enlargement of the renal pelvis
Pyeloectasia, or enlargement of the kidneys, appears due to impaired urine outflow. In young children, pathology occurs due to defects of an innate nature. To determine a congenital anomaly in the motherβs womb, a woman is given an ultrasound scan from 15 to 19 weeks of her pregnancy.
In an adult, an enlarged pelvis of the kidney is most often diagnosed with urolithiasis (the ureter is blocked by a stone that enters the region of the pelvis). In addition, malignant and benign tumors that block the ureter can cause the expansion of one or two kidneys at once.
In this case, the left kidney of such a pathology is less likely than the right one, which is associated with the structural features of the organ. Expansion of the pyelocaliceal system is classified according to the severity of the inflammatory process and the ability of the kidneys to function.
Extension Treatment Methods
First of all, medical specialists eliminate the causes of the expansion of the pyelocaliceal system, since it is at this stage that the patient can be effectively treated and complications avoided. When conducting a set of necessary examinations, the doctor will decide whether to choose a conservative type of treatment or not to do without surgery.
Initially, the patient is prescribed medications, as with treatment with drugs, inflammation can be minimized. In addition, the patient requires a special diet. If the patient has enlarged renal pelvis, he should stop taking diuretic drugs, including coffee. You need to drink the liquid in moderation, but it is not recommended to bring the body to dehydration.
After taking the drug course, the doctor again prescribes the patient an ultrasound scan. If there is no improvement in the condition, funds can be prescribed that are dispensed in pharmacies exclusively by prescription. In addition, in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary. However, there is no need to be afraid of the expected operation, since it is carried out through the channel of urination, open intervention is avoided.
After some manipulations, the surgeon will establish urinary outflow. After the intervention, patients are prescribed medications that restore the general immunity of the body.
Doubling of the pelvis
A doubled renal pelvis may not cause pain symptoms for a long time.
This is an anomaly of development in which the pyelocaliceal system is duplicated. Often people for a long time do not suspect that they are sick, because doubling does not appear in any way. However, such a kidney is more prone to the occurrence of inflammatory processes. Sometimes the problem leads to a violation of urodynamics and stagnation of urine. Over time, the bacterial flora joins this process and a person develops pain in the lower back and during urination. Possible fever and swelling, especially the face in the morning.
Causes of a doubling of the kidney
Doubling of the kidneys may appear due to the influence of harmful factors on the woman during pregnancy, or the reason lies in the defective altered genes of the parents. With the formation of urinary organs, exposure to adverse factors can cause developmental abnormalities:
- insufficient intake of minerals and vitamins;
- ionizing radiation;
- taking a number of drugs;
- drinking and smoking.
Incomplete Doubling
This type of doubling is the most common violation of the formation of the urinary system. The incomplete doubling of both the left kidney and the right is equally common. The organ is enlarged in size, the lower and upper sections are clearly distinguished, each of which has its own renal artery. The pyelocaliceal system does not bifurcate with incomplete renal doubling; one kidney functions.
Full doubling
With full doubling, two kidneys are formed instead of one. Thus, doubling the organ on the left is different in that the patient doubles the HR of the left kidney. But one of the parts of the pelvis is underdeveloped. A separate ureter emerges from each pelvis, capable of flowing into the bladder at different levels.
Doubling Treatment
Kidney doubling therapy is necessary when a number of complications appear. When this anomaly does not bother a person, observation is needed. It is recommended once a year to clinically examine urine and do an ultrasound of the kidneys.
For inflammatory complications, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of influence are prescribed.
With such a disease, stones can often form that cause renal colic. In this case, herbal preparations (corn stigmas, kidney tea), analgesics and antispasmodics are usually prescribed.
Surgical intervention is necessary for severe hydronephrosis or for diseases that can not be treated with medications. Surgeons seek to preserve the organ. Complete removal is performed only when the kidney is not functioning. If organ failure develops, hemodialysis and organ transplantation are prescribed.