Few have heard of such a thing as "dystopia." This term is used to indicate an incorrect location, that is, a displacement from its usual place of tissue sites, individual cells or even organs. In our article today, we will try to figure out what this pathology is.
What is dystopia?
it congenital phenomenon, but in some cases there is extrauterine dystopia due to the abnormal development of various parts of the body. If we consider the example of cell dystopia, we can cite the case of the presence of individual Purkinje cells of the cerebellum not in its usual layer of the cortex, but in its granular layer. Also, individual nerve cells may be located among the roots of the spinal cord or nerve fibers of the lateral pillars.
If we consider tissue dystopia, then in this case, the cartilage tissue from the second branchial arch can be located among the tissues of the tonsils, gastric mucosa, in the esophagus and so on.
Organ dystopia is most often represented by the kidneys and testicles. One of the kidneys may not be located in its usual place, but in the small pelvis or near its entrance. The testicle in some cases descends under the skin of the perineum, and not into the scrotum. Sometimes tooth dystopia occurs.
Features of kidney dystopia
Abnormal development or malformation of the kidney is characterized by a certain deviation from the normal structure and location. The formation of pathology occurs during fetal development, therefore it is considered congenital. Renal dystopia is of two types: unilateral and bilateral.
Unilateral renal dystopia is the absence of one of the kidneys. In this case, the ureter may also be absent. The deferent duct, which should be on the same side, or there are other genital anomalies, is almost always undeveloped.
Bilateral dystopia is slightly less common and is cross, that is, the ureter coming from the right kidney flows into the bladder from the left side and vice versa.
Causes of pathology
Kidney dystopia is a congenital pathology and occurs in 1 in 800 newborns. Improper development of this organ occurs due to delayed rotation, the movement of kidneys from the pelvic region to the lumbar during early embryonic development.
The kidneys of the fetus begin to be laid in the pelvis, and gradually they move up, where they should be. If unfavorable factors arise during this period, then this process is disrupted and the baby is born with an abnormal arrangement of the kidney.
Features of lumbar dystopia of the kidneys
In 70% of cases of abnormal kidney location, lumbar dystopia occurs. In this case, the organ arteries are located in the region of the second and third lumbar vertebrae, reaching aortic bifurcation. In this case, often the pelvis of the kidney is facing forward, in the hypochondrium. Sometimes this pathology is mistaken for a tumor or nephroptosis.
Symptoms with such a disease do not always bother a patient who may not even be aware of it. Treatment of this pathology is usually not required, only in the most severe cases.
Features of pelvic dystopia
Such a pathology is much less common, but because of the diversity of its manifestation, it is more significant. Pelvic dystopia of the kidney is characterized by the fact that its arteries do not depart from the aorta, but from the internal iliac artery. In this case, the kidneys in women are located between the rectum and the uterus, and in men, between the rectum and the bladder. With this type of pathology, the ureter is usually shortened.
Symptoms in this case may include the following: aching lower back pain, regular constipation, nausea, toxicosis in pregnant women, menstrual irregularities, dull abdominal pain, dysuric disorders, pain in women during intercourse. Such a pathology is treated with a conservative and surgical method.
Features of iliac dystopia
Such a pathology is quite common. The kidney is located in the iliac fossa, and multiple renal arteries usually depart from the common iliac artery.
Symptoms of a pathology such as iliac dystopia of the kidney are abdominal pain. They arise due to the pressure of an abnormally located organ on the nerve plexuses and neighboring organs, as well as a violation of urodynamics. Pain arising from disruption of the gastrointestinal tract is not only mechanical in nature, associated with kidney pressure on the nearest intestines, but also reflex, which is accompanied by vomiting, nausea and aerosol. This is observed with inflammatory diseases, hydronephrosis, or stones in a pathological kidney.
Features of tooth dystopia
The wrong location can have not only the kidneys, but also the teeth. In this case, dystopia is the abnormal position of the tooth in the dentition. In this case, the tooth begins to shift towards the tongue or cheek. Most often, such a pathology is observed on the lower jaw in the area where the wisdom teeth are located, or on the upper jaw, in the area of fangs.
In the upper jaw, the pathological tooth is displaced towards the hard palate or the vestibule of the mouth, and in the lower jaw, toward the oral cavity or its vestibule.
Most often, tooth dystopia occurs due to improper teething of wisdom, which may not be enough space. As a result, they begin to put pressure on neighboring ones, they shift and take the wrong position. This leads to the occurrence of adverse effects such as malocclusion, respiratory, chewing, swallowing, and speech functions. Abnormal teeth protrude from the dentition, which contributes to injury to the soft tissues of the oral cavity.
Output
Thus, dystopia is abnormally located organs or tissues. Mostly the kidneys are in the wrong location, less often the teeth. Most often, such a pathology develops in the prenatal period under the influence of various adverse factors, but it can also occur after birth. Dystopia is treated with a conservative or surgical method, and basically the prognosis is favorable.