The appearance of blood from the digestive system is referred to as intestinal bleeding. It appears due to injuries, diseases of the abdominal cavity and other pathologies. The phenomenon is harmful to health and life-threatening. The symptoms and treatment of intestinal bleeding can be found in the article.
About the intestines
This is an important human organ. The intestine is the digestive and excretory organ. It is located in the abdominal space and consists of 2 segments:
- Thin. It is supplied with blood from the superior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk.
- Tolstoy - from the upper and lower mesenteric artery.
The intestine begins with the stomach, and ends with the anus. This organ is in constant activity, its length is approximately 4 meters. The intestines grow with the body. Its main functions include the following:
- Providing hydrochloric acid to the stomach for food processing.
- Participation in the digestive process, the breakdown of products into components and the intake of the necessary trace elements, water.
- The formation and excretion of feces.
- Effects on the hormonal and immune systems.
Various diseases appear in the intestines. Bleeding from it is common. The causes, symptoms and treatment methods are described below.
The concept
You can determine the ailment by the symptoms. Bleeding in the intestine is observed in the lumen of the small or large intestine. Usually they do not have obvious clinical symptoms, do not lead to hemorrhagic shock. Often, symptoms of bleeding in the intestine are detected during examination when other ailments are detected.
To find out the level of bleeding will be based on the color and consistency of feces. If it is associated with the small intestine, then the stool will be liquid, black. Blood from the upper colon is usually dark in color. With intestinal bleeding from the lower colon, scarlet blood envelops feces from above. Sometimes this does not manifest itself, it will be possible to identify this manifestation only on the basis of an analysis of feces for occult blood.
Kinds
Symptoms and treatment of bleeding in the intestines are interconnected. This phenomenon is divided by localization, the nature of the flow. Bleeding happens:
- Intense. Liquid is released in large volumes. Blood loss is life threatening.
- Weak. Symptoms of bleeding of the small intestine are not pronounced, can lead to anemia.
The sources of bleeding include the digestive tract - upper and lower sections. Whatever type of discharge is, timely help is needed. Read on for symptoms of bleeding in the colon.
Causes
What are the causes of intestinal bleeding? This phenomenon occurs from stomach ulcers, polyps, Meckel diverticulum and digestive inflammation. Also, bleeding occurs due to:
- secondary appearance of an ulcer;
- surgery in which part of the stomach was removed;
- benign tumors;
- malignant neoplasms;
- multiple polyps in the rectum.
With an intestinal ulcer, bleeding is common. Non-ulcer pathologies lead to the outflow of blood from the intestine. Among them are:
- inflammation in the hemorrhoids;
- cracks in the genitals;
- diverticulum of the intestine.
Feces with blood are detected in infectious organ lesions. Acute intestinal infections result in blood loss. This applies to salmonellosis, typhoid fever, dysentery enterocolitis. The causes and symptoms of bleeding in the intestine are interrelated, therefore, to identify the factor that leads to this, you should consult a doctor.
Symptoms
How to detect bleeding in the intestines? The clinical picture of the disease is determined by its nature, localization. Symptoms of bleeding in the intestines include:
- severe weakness;
- frequent dizziness;
- blurred consciousness;
- low pressure;
- hyperhidrosis;
- delirium;
- hallucinations - auditory and visual;
- pale skin;
- perioral cyanosis;
- dry mouth
- vomiting blood
- blood feces.
With these signs, urgent hospitalization is necessary. If you hesitate, there is a risk of death.
Blood from the intestines occurs due to diseases of the stomach, duodenum 12. Aortic aneurysm is a serious illness in which bleeding occurs. Diseases are considered a consequence of portal hypertension, which develops due to cirrhosis of the liver, acute heart failure. The walls of the blood vessel become thin, which is the reason for its rupture, the appearance of blood loss. Symptoms of bleeding in the stomach or intestines include:
- high blood pressure;
- intense sweating;
- heart palpitations;
- dizziness.
This phenomenon is associated with gastroenterological pathologies. The symptoms of bleeding in the intestine include the appearance of:
- heartburn;
- burping;
- vomiting
- aversion to food;
- unpleasant taste in the mouth;
- abdominal pain;
- diarrhea
- dehydration.
Whatever ailment is the cause, it causes discomfort. Symptoms of bleeding in the stomach or intestines can be eliminated only when using effective methods of therapy.
Features of the phenomenon
Blood that is removed from the anus is considered the main symptom. Feces will have a dark color. It should be borne in mind that this color appears from taking medications with iron, activated carbon and bismuth. From blueberries, black currants, pomegranates, the color of feces also darkens. There are special symptoms of occult intestinal bleeding:
- With adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, blood secretions are weak. The patient develops anemia. With feces, blood, mucus is secreted. These symptoms confirm the presence of a tumor in the left colon.
- In Crohn's disease, there are signs of colitis. A complication arises from a lesion of a hollow organ.
- With ulcerative colitis, frequent urge to defecate is observed. In the feces there are impurities of mucus, blood, pus.
- With hemorrhoids, the blood is scarlet. She stands out trickle.
- With a rectal fissure, feces have a bright red color. Severe pain appears during bowel movements and after that. There is a spasm of the anal sphincter.
These are all symptoms of intestinal bleeding in adults. What exactly this is connected with can only be determined by a doctor. In this case, the symptoms of bleeding in the intestines in adults are slightly different when compared with children.
The child has
Hidden intestinal bleeding also occurs in children under 3 years old. This may be a manifestation of the congenital pathology of the newborn. This phenomenon is observed when:
- inversion, bowel obstruction;
- doubling the small intestine;
- ulcerative necrotic enterocolitis.
Signs of complications appear in the form of bloating, belching, regurgitation, vomiting, stool with mucus. Bleeding from the small intestine must be stopped immediately.
Do not self-treat. The doctor should do this. All medical measures should be carried out only under the supervision of a specialist.
Where is the focus located?
The length of the large intestine in adults is approximately 150 cm. Bleeding can occur in different parts of the absorbent organ. The mesenteric arteries provide high-quality blood supply. Blood diversion is performed along the veins of the mesenteric type. Varicose lesions lead to slow and prolonged bleeding in the cavity of the large intestine.
The lower the source of blood flow, the more it will be in the feces. The resinous pigmentation of the decay products indicates the presence of bleeding in the upper parts of the organ. Pain usually occurs with injuries. To establish the source of injury, a spot diagnostic test is required.
What causes blood loss?
Severe bleeding (over 300 ml of blood) leads to:
- decrease in blood volume without changing the diameter of the vessels;
- elimination of blood pressure on the walls of blood vessels - blood circulation decreases;
- decrease in blood flow velocity in the center of the body - slow movement of blood in capillaries and small vessels;
- slowing blood flow in the microvasculature, which is the cause of stagnation;
- gluing red blood cells in the microvasculature;
- complicating the exchange between clogged glued cells, capillaries and tissues;
- impaired microcirculation in the liver, so it will not neutralize toxins from the blood.
Therefore, blood loss, especially large, leads to negative consequences. Therefore, it is better not to allow it, and for this it is necessary to take the necessary measures in a timely manner.
First aid
When the first symptoms, signs of bleeding in the intestine appear, first aid is required, which can be performed at home:
- The patient must take the correct position of the body. He needs to be laid on his back. Feet should be raised at an angle of 15 degrees.
- Do not eat, liquid.
- Ice is applied to the stomach. It is needed to narrow the blood vessels, reduce blood flow. The procedure takes 15 minutes. Then you need to take a break of 15 minutes. Manipulation is performed again.
- The patient needs to be given a Dicinon tablet. It is crushed in advance.
Injections "Papaverine", "Atropine" are performed with acute bleeding. Windows in the room must be opened to ensure high-quality circulation of fresh air. The intestines should not be washed.
The airways relieve blood, vomit, and mucus. Ammonia is used for loss of consciousness. First aid will help prevent dangerous consequences.
Who to contact?
If these symptoms occur, you need to urgently call an ambulance or consult a therapist. Help can be provided in any hospital. After examination and confirmation of bleeding, hospitalization in a surgical hospital is likely.
Diagnostics
symptoms such as blood in the stool, vomiting can help with the diagnosis. The diagnostic procedure consists of:
- general, biochemical analysis of blood;
- urine tests;
- coagulograms;
- fibrogastroduodenoscopy;
- sigmoidoscopy;
- fecal analysis;
- ultrasound examination of the abdominal cavity;
- mesentericography;
- radiography.
Only after the study is completed, the doctor can accurately diagnose. Based on this, the type of effective therapy that relieves all negative symptoms is selected.
Therapy
Treatment for bleeding in the intestines depends on the cause. Home therapy is not performed. Only a specialist can know about stopping intestinal bleeding and conducting adequate treatment. Hemostatic procedures are performed using special tools. They consist of:
- clipping;
- ligation;
- surgical treatment.
The treatment method is chosen by the doctor after a diagnostic examination. Often, comprehensive measures are applied. Therapy is performed using:
- Aminocaproic acid.
- Fibrinogen, Etamzilat.
- "Reopoliglyukina."
- Erythrocyte mass.
- Frozen blood plasma.
- Calcium Chloride.
- Medications that restore the volume of intercellular fluid.
What to choose from a specific minimally invasive treatment is determined based on the clinical picture:
- Coagulation of blood vessels with an endoscope is performed with frequent hemorrhages.
- Vascular ligation, sclerotherapy is used for injuries of varicose veins of the esophagus.
- A colonoscopic electrocoagulator is used for prolonged bleeding.
If blood loss is moderate, the primary goal of treatment is to eliminate the root cause. Bleeding from the colon, which appeared with complicated diverticular disease, is treated with infusion of vasopressin. This is performed by a catheter, which does not resolve for 48 hours, since the complication can recur.
In case of necrosis of the intestinal walls, local or diffuse peritonitis, emergency surgical assistance is needed. Resection of the affected area of the intestine is performed. Hemorrhoidal organ damage is eliminated by sclerotherapy, dressing.
If bleeding symptoms do not resolve or intensify, the patient undergoes an autopsy of the abdominal cavity. Surgery will help identify the source of bleeding. Subsequent therapy is performed according to the examination.
Acute bleeding
If intestinal bleeding is observed, help should be provided very quickly. Otherwise, complications are likely. A protracted phenomenon can lead to death.
With minor chronic bleeding, special help is not needed. In this case, the treatment of the underlying ailment is performed. Sclerotherapy with laser or liquid nitrogen is usually used. Electric thermocoagulation is also used.
In severe massive blood loss, transfusion of blood, plasma and intravenous administration of a large amount of fluid is required. This is done after eliminating the cause. Usually an emergency surgery is needed, in which a ligature suture is applied to the painful vessels and tissues of the mucous membrane.
ethnoscience
With the permission of a doctor, folk remedies can be used. The best recipes are:
- It will take 4 tsp. bark of viburnum, which is crushed, pour water (250 mg). The mixture must be put on fire, boil for 30 minutes. The broth should be infused. It is drunk 10 g 3 times a day before meals.
- Yarrow is used for various blood loss. It will take 2 tsp. dry plant, which is poured with boiling water. Infusion should be taken 4 times a day.
- The root of the hemoptysis is filled with water. The mixture needs to be boiled over low heat for half an hour. Infusion is performed for 2 hours. You need to take 1 tbsp. l decoction 5 times a day.
- Highlander (1 tbsp. L) is poured with boiling water (1 glass). Infusion should be drunk 4 times a day before meals.
- Geranium (20 g) must be added to the water (1 liter). Boiling takes 20 minutes.
- Cucumber stalks are taken with bleeding from the intestines.
- Immortelle pink (1 tbsp. L) is infused for 1 hour in boiling water (250 ml). You need to drink 1 tbsp. l every 2 hours.
Folk remedies should be used only on the recommendation of a doctor. It is important to comply with the dosage and duration of treatment. Often, folk remedies are used in complex treatment.
Recovery
With intestinal bleeding, it is necessary to follow a hungry diet for 1-3 days. Nutrients, glucose, protein products are supplied with a dropper.
The diet should have raw eggs, milk, fruit jelly. By the end of the week, the patient can eat boiled eggs, mashed cereals, soufflé from meat, jelly. It is important that all dishes are cold.
To restore the intestines, it will take a long time to heal ulcers, scars. Follow proper nutrition for six months. Prohibited physical activity.
Complications
If untreated, the appearance of:
- hemorrhagic shock;
- a strong decrease in hemoglobin;
- development of renal failure;
- multiple organ failure, in which the internal systems of the body work poorly.
If there is no first aid and appropriate treatment, a person may even die. Therefore, it is important to quickly take measures to improve the condition.
Prevention
To prevent bleeding, it is required:
- Timely detection and treatment of diseases that lead to bleeding.
- Do not take NSAIDs or glucocorticoids for a long time. These funds should be drunk only as directed by a doctor. If necessary, take them for a long time to drink proton pump inhibitors - Omeprazole, Esomeprazole, Lansoprazole.
- With cirrhosis, operations are performed that lower the pressure in the collar vein of the liver. For these purposes, prescribe drugs that reduce the pressure in the portal vein.
Forecast
Acute bleeding is life threatening. At the first manifestations, urgent measures of surgical intervention usually take a long time.
An acute hemorrhagic attack often leads to death. This is observed with severe blood loss, untimely access to doctors. Bleeding cannot always be stopped. In addition, there is a high risk of relapse.
What is needed for normal bowel function?
To prevent bleeding allows control over the work of this body. For its normal activity, the following rules must be observed:
- Nutrition is important. Do not overload the body with heavy food. This especially applies to overeating throughout the day and clogging with harmful products - cookies, chips and sweets. Must have breakfast. The calorie content of this meal should be 25-30% of the daily norm. It is advisable to eat whole grain and protein foods that provide satiety and strength for a long time. And as snacks you need fruit and protein products. It can be dried fruits, nuts, yogurt, fresh fruits.
- Valuable digestion foods must be added to the diet. Whole grain food is needed to maintain intestinal activity - cereals, granola, legumes, nuts, fresh vegetables and fruits.The last 2 products are especially important for digestion and cleansing, as they have fiber. This component allows you to prevent constipation, intestinal dysbiosis and excess weight.
- It is necessary to consume enough water. You need to drink at least 2 liters per day. Water provides fiber tissue swelling, which increases the volume of mass in the intestine and enhances peristalsis. It is good to drink water in the morning. This habit helps the body get started.
- An increase in motor activity is necessary. To maintain the normal position of the internal organs, including the intestines, the work of the abdominal muscles is required. If the lifestyle is inactive, then the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall are weak, which exacerbates the work of the gallbladder and intestines. Therefore, in the morning you need to perform a simple charge.
- It is useful to take vitamins and plant complexes. These are great helpers in the cold season. They are taken on a course. For difficulties with emptying, it is advisable to choose herbal preparations with dietary fiber.
Thus, bleeding in the intestines is considered a dangerous phenomenon. If it occurs, you should consult a doctor as soon as possible for help.