Urinary syndrome is considered one of the most important signs of possible disorders in the urinary system, in the essence of which lies laboratory-proven (statically reliable) and a clear deviation from the norm of urine composition.
This feature includes:
- hematuria;
- proteinuria;
- pyuria;
- cholesterinuria;
- cylindruria.
Urinary syndrome, manifested in proteinuria, is one of the most frequent and, to some extent, mandatory manifestations of kidney damage. Proteinuria is called the occurrence of protein. As a rule, it occurs as a result of an inflammatory process that provokes the expansion of the pores of the walls of the glomerular capillaries to such an extent that protein molecules penetrate into them. The second cause of proteinuria is the destruction of enzymes that transport proteins from the renal tubules to the bloodstream.
In some cases, proteinuria is also observed in healthy people. In particular, this manifestation is observed in athletes after a long run or after a heavy load. In adolescents, proteinuria can occur due to long standing or walking. In this case, this condition disappears on its own after some time. A regular release of protein indicates kidney disease.
Urinary syndrome can also manifest as hematuria, in which the release of red blood cells with urine is noted. A small amount is normal in healthy people. This manifestation is noted in the case of the allocation of red blood cells more than five million per day. In severe cases, they can be allocated in the amount of up to one hundred million per day.
The causes of this condition include both renal disease and diseases of the urinary tract or bladder lesions . Often hematuria causes urolithiasis. In this case, bleeding may occur when the mucosa is injured even by a small pebble.
Urinary syndrome can also manifest itself as pyuria (leukocyturia), which is characterized by the release of a large volume of leukocytes. The diagnosis of this manifestation is of particular importance and indicates mainly the onset and development of inflammation of the kidneys or urinary tract. Pyuria is considered a characteristic manifestation of pyelonephritis.
When “protein cylinders” appear in the urinary sediment, they indicate the manifestation of cylinduria. Protein cylinders are represented by clots of substances. Normally, these substances are absorbed into the blood in the renal tubules. However, with cylinduria, they stick together into lumps and, passing through the lumen in the tubule, pass into the urine. When passing through the lumen, they take the form of a cylinder. In other words, cylinders are coagulated protein inside the kidneys. If at least one clot is detected in the analysis, a kidney examination is prescribed.
With cholesterinuria, cholesterol is detected in the urine. This manifestation indicates impaired lipoid metabolism in the body, and may also indicate nephritis of nephrotic form or renal amyloidosis.
Isolated urinary syndrome accompanies chronic glomerulonephritis. This manifestation is observed in almost half of all cases of chronic glomerulonephritis. At the same time, as a rule, the disease proceeds without symptoms (arterial hypertension is not observed, edema is absent). However, analyzes reveal microhematuria, proteinuria, cylindruria, proteinuria, leukocyturia without changing the density of urine.
Bladder irritation syndrome
Interstitial cystitis is characterized by chronic pelvic pain of uncertain origin, imperative urges. One of the main manifestations is considered to be frequent urination during the night and day.