Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich needs no introduction. This great novelist and playwright is known throughout the world. The biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich is presented in this article.
Origin of the writer
Bulgakov M.A. was born on May 3, 1891 in the city of Kiev. His parents were representatives of the intelligentsia. Mother worked as a teacher in the Karachayev Gymnasium. Father was a teacher (his portrait is presented above). After graduating from the Kiev Theological Academy, he worked in it, as well as in other educational institutions. In 1893, Athanasius Bulgakov became the Kiev regional censor. His duties included censorship of works written in foreign languages. In the family, in addition to Michael, there were five more children.
Training period, work in field hospitals
Such an author as Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich, a biography should be considered in great detail. A table of dates related to his life will not help much for those who set out to find the origins of his work and understand the features of his inner world. Therefore, we suggest you read a detailed biography.
The future writer studied at the First Alexander Gymnasium. The level of education at this educational institution was very high. In 1909, Mikhail Afanasevich entered Kiev University, after which he was to become a physician. In 1914, the First World War began.
After graduating from university in 1916, Mikhail Afanasevich worked in field hospitals (in Kamenetz-Podolsky, and after a while in Cherepovets). He was recalled from the front in September 1916. Bulgakov became head of the Nikolskaya rural hospital, located in the Smolensk province. A year later, in 1917, Mikhail Afanasevich was transferred to Vyazma. In the Notes of the Young Doctor, created in 1926, this period of his life was reflected. The main character of the work is a talented doctor, a conscientious worker. In seemingly hopeless situations, he saves the sick. The hero is keenly experiencing the difficult financial situation of uneducated peasants living in Smolensk villages. However, he realizes that he cannot change anything.
The revolution in the fate of Bulgakov
The familiar life of Mikhail Afanasevich was disrupted by the February revolution. Bulgakov expressed his attitude towards her in his essay 1923, "Kiev City". He noted that "suddenly and menacingly" with the revolution "history has come."
At the end of the October Revolution, Bulgakov was released from military service. He returned to his native Kiev, which, unfortunately, was soon occupied by the Germans. Here Mikhail Afanasevich plunged into the pool of the Civil War. Bulgakov was a very good doctor, so both sides needed his services. The young doctor in all situations remained faithful to the ideals of humanism. Gradually, indignation grew in his soul. He could not come to terms with the cruelty of the whites and Petliurists. Subsequently, these moods were reflected in Bulgakov’s novel “The White Guard”, as well as in his stories “On the night of the third day”, “Plaque”, and in the plays “Running” and “Turbin Days”.
Bulgakov honestly performed the duty of a doctor. During the service, he had to be an involuntary witness to the crimes that were committed at the end of 1919 in Vladikavkaz. Mikhail Afanasevich did not want to participate in the war anymore. He left the ranks of Denikin's army in early 1920.
First articles and stories
After that, Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov decided to no longer engage in medicine . His brief biography continues as a journalist. He began to write articles that were published in local newspapers. Bulgakov completed his first story in the fall of 1919. That same winter he created several feuilletons, a series of short stories. In one of them, entitled "Tribute to admiration," Mikhail Afanasevich tells of street clashes that took place in Kiev during the revolution and the Civil War.
Pieces created in Vladikavkaz
Shortly before White left Vladikavkaz, Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov became ill with typhus . His brief biography of this time is especially dramatic. In the spring of 1920, he recovered. However, detachments of the Red Army had already entered the city, and Bulgakov could not emigrate, which he really wanted. It was necessary to somehow build relations with the new regime. Then he began to collaborate with the revolutionary committee, in the arts department. Mikhail Afanasevich created plays for Ingush and Ossetian troupes. These works reflected his views on the revolution. These were one-day campaigns, written primarily to survive in difficult conditions. Bulgakov’s novel “Notes on Cuffs” reflected his Vladikavkaz impressions.
Moving to Moscow, new works
Mikhail Bulgakov could emigrate to Tiflis and then to Batumi. His biography, however, went a different way. Bulgakov understood that the place of the writer in a difficult time for the country was close to the people. Biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich in 1921 was marked by the move to Moscow. His articles from the spring of 1922 were regularly published on the pages of magazines and newspapers of this city. Essays and satirical pamphlets reflected the main signs of life of the post-revolutionary years. The main object of Bulgakov’s satire was the “NEP scum” (in other words, the Nouveau riche-Nepman). Here it is necessary to note such novels by Mikhail Afanasevich as “The Chalice of Life” and “Trillionaire”. He was also interested in representatives of the population with a low level of culture: bazaar merchants, inhabitants of communal apartments in the city of Moscow, office workers, bureaucrats, etc. However, Mikhail Afanasevich noticed new phenomena in the life of the country. So, in one of his essays, he depicted the symbol of new trends in the face of a schoolboy who is walking with a brand new satchel down the street.
The story "Fatal eggs" and features of creativity of the 1920s
The story "Fatal Eggs" by Bulgakov was published in 1924. Its action takes place in the imaginary near future - in 1928. By this time, the results of NEP were already obvious. In particular, the standard of living of the population has risen sharply (in the story created by Mikhail Bulgakov). The biography of the writer does not imply a detailed acquaintance with his work, but we will nevertheless retell the plot of the work "Fatal Eggs" in a nutshell. Professor Persikov made an important discovery that could be of great benefit to all of humanity. However, having fallen into the hands of self-confident, semi-literate people, representatives of a new bureaucracy that flourished under war communism, and in the years of NEP strengthened its position, this discovery turns into a tragedy. Almost all the heroes of Bulgakov's novels created in the 1920s fail. In his work, the writer seeks to convey to the reader the idea that society is not ready to learn new ways of relationships that are based on respect for knowledge and culture, for hard work.
"Run" and "Turbin Days"
In Bulgakov’s plays “Running” and “Days of the Turbins” (1925-28), Mikhail Afanasevich showed that the intelligentsia was hostile to all the authorities who succeeded each other during the Civil War. The heroes of these works are typical representatives of the so-called "new intelligentsia." At first, they were either wary of the revolution, or fought against it. M. A. Bulgakov also related himself to this new layer. He spoke about this with humor in his feuilleton entitled "Capital in a notebook." In it, he noted that there was a new intelligentsia, the "iron". She is capable of chopping wood, loading furniture, and dealing with X-rays. Bulgakov noted that he believes that she will survive, will not be lost.
Attacks on Bulgakov, Stalin's call
It must be said that Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich (his biography and creativity confirm this) always sensitively responded to changes in Soviet society. He was very upset by the triumph of injustice, doubted the justification of certain measures. However, Bulgakov always believed in man. Together with him, his heroes worried and doubted. Criticism took it undesirable. Attacks on Bulgakov intensified in 1929. All of his plays were excluded from the repertoires of theaters. Finding himself in a difficult situation, Mikhail Afanasevich was forced to write a letter to the government asking him to go abroad. After that, the biography of Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich was noted by an important event. In 1930, Bulgakov received the call of Stalin himself. The result of this conversation was the appointment of Mikhail Afanasevich to the post of director-assistant at the Moscow Art Theater. Again on the stages of theaters appeared productions of his plays. After some time, the staging of his staging of Dead Souls marked such a writer as Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov, a biography. His life, it would seem, is getting better. However, it was not so simple ...
Bulgakov - Forbidden Author
Despite Stalin's external patronage, not a single work of Mikhail Afanasevich appeared in the Soviet press after 1927, except for an excerpt from the play “The Run” (“The Seventh Dream”) in 1932 and the translation of the Moliere's “Mean” in 1938. Case that Bulgakov was included in the list of banned authors.
What else is remarkable for the biography of Mikhail Afanasievich Bulgakov? Briefly telling about him is not easy, because his life is marked by many important events and interesting facts. It is worth saying that, despite all the difficulties, the writer did not think to leave his homeland. Even in the most difficult period (1929-30), thoughts of emigration practically did not attend him. In one of his letters, Bulgakov admitted that nowhere else but the USSR is he impossible, since for eleven years he drew inspiration from him.
The novel "The Master and Margarita"
In 1933, Mikhail Afanasevich tried to publish his work , The Life of Monsieur de Moliere, in the ZhZL series. However, he again failed. After that, he no longer attempted to publish his creations until his death. The writer devoted himself entirely to the creation of the novel "The Master and Margarita." This work was his greatest achievement, as well as one of the best works of Russian and world literature of the 20th century. Mikhail Afanasevich gave the twelve years of his life to work on it. The idea of “The Master and Margarita” appeared in him in the late 1920s as an attempt to philosophical and artistic understanding of socialist reality. The author considered the first versions of the work unsuccessful. Over the years, Mikhail Afanasevich constantly returned to the characters, tried on new conflicts and scenes. Only in 1932 did this work acquire a plot completeness, the author of which is known to everyone (Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov).
Bulgakov’s full biography involves considering the significance of his work. Therefore, we will talk about this.
The value of Bulgakov’s work
Having shown that the white movement is doomed to defeat, that the intelligentsia will certainly go over to the side of the Reds (the novel “The White Guard”, the plays “Run” and “Days of the Turbins"), that society is in danger if a culturally and morally retarded person has the right to impose on others his will ("Dog’s Heart"), Mikhail Afanasevich made a discovery that entered the system of national values of our country.
What else is interesting Bulgakov Mikhail Afanasevich? Biography, interesting facts related to him, and his work - on everything lies the seal of pain for a person. This feeling was invariably characteristic of Bulgakov as the successor of the traditions of Russian and world literature. Mikhail Afanasevich accepted only the literature that shows the suffering of real heroes. Humanism was the ideological core of Bulgakov's works. And the true humanism of a true master is always close and dear to the reader.
last years of life
In the last years of Mikhail Afanasevich’s life, there was a feeling that his creative destiny was ruined. Despite the fact that he continued to actively create, Bulgakov's works practically did not reach the readers contemporary to him. This broke Mikhail Afanasevich. His illness worsened, leading to an imminent death. Bulgakov died in Moscow on March 10, 1940. This ended the biography of Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov, but his work is immortal. The remains of the writer rest in the Novodevichy cemetery.
The biography of Mikhail Afanasevich Bulgakov, briefly outlined in this article, we hope, aroused your desire to get to know his work more closely. The works of this author are very interesting and important, so they are certainly worth reading. Mikhail Bulgakov, whose biography and work is studied at school, is one of the greatest Russian writers.