Isotonic solutions are multicomponent mixtures consisting of chemicals dissolved in distilled water. In essence, these are aqueous compounds, the ingredients of which are some substances that are also contained in the liquid part (plasma) of the blood. For example, a substance such as sodium chloride, which enters the isotonic solution, is also present (with a mass fraction of 0.9%) in blood plasma. Introduced intravenously sodium chloride in solution is necessary to maintain the process of one-sided diffusion of water molecules into the environment with a higher concentration of dissolved substances. Thanks to osmotic pressure, the concentrations of dissolved substances in the extracellular fluid and in the blood plasma are equalized. Thanks to the correction of osmotic pressure, the deficiency of the fluid in the body is replenished during dehydration (dehydration).
The simplest isotonic solution of sodium chloride in distilled water is also called a physiological saline in medical practice, but this is conditional, since the preparation does not contain all the ingredients (for example, potassium salts) necessary to maintain a physiologically normal state of the tissues of the human body. It is produced in ampoules of 10, 5 or 2 ml with a content of 0.9% sodium chloride in water. There are also several more complex isotonic multicomponent formulations. For example, "Disol" contains 6 g of sodium chloride and 2 g of sodium acetate trihydrate in 1 liter. Available in bottles with a capacity of 0.4 l and 0.2 l, used for detoxification and rehydration. In addition, drugs such as Trisol, several varieties of Ringer's solutions, Chlosol, and Acesol are used.
The solution for infusion "Chlosol" contains 4.75 g of sodium chloride, 3.6 g of sodium acetate trihydrate, 1.5 g of potassium chloride in 1 liter . The combined drug is used for detoxification, plasma replacement, rehydration, as a diuretic, antiplatelet or anti-shock agent. It improves blood microcirculation, prevents its thickening and development of metabolic acidosis, reduces hypovolemia, and increases diuresis. This isotonic solution is available in 0.4 L or 0.2 L bottles. The drug belongs to Vital and Essential Drugs. Contraindications are alkalosis, hypersensitivity, hyperkalemia, chronic renal failure, or restrictions for introducing large amounts of fluid into the body. Side effects such as hyperkalemia, edema, chills, tachycardia may occur.
Indicated for use in dehydration and intoxication (foodborne toxicoinfection, dysentery, El Tor cholera) isotonic solution Acesol, which, like Chlosol, is available in 0.4 liter or 0.2 liter bottles of the Nesvizh plant of medical preparations ( Belarus). The qualitative composition is similar to the Chlosol preparation, but differs in the concentration of ingredients: 5 g of sodium chloride, 2 g of sodium acetate trihydrate and 1 g of potassium chloride are dissolved in 1 liter. Indications for use and contraindications are the same as for the drug “Chlosol”.
A saline solution that reduces hypovolemia, metabolic acidosis and blood thickening, enhances diuresis and improves capillary circulation, has a detoxifying effect, has the trade name "Trisol". It is produced in 0.4 liter and 0.2 liter bottles. This isotonic solution contains 5 g of sodium chloride, 4 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1 g of potassium chloride in 1 liter. The drug is used for diseases associated with intoxication and dehydration, including acute dysentery, foodborne illness, El-Tor cholera. With the introduction of the drug every 6 hours to control the ratio of the injected and the selected fluid. If hyperkalemia develops, then the solution is replaced with a preparation containing sodium chloride and sodium acetate until the electrolyte balance is normalized.
In the preparation of these preparations, the sequence of administration of each ingredient is observed and, until the previous one is completely dissolved, the next salt is not added. Any isotonic sodium chloride solution is prepared in distilled water. It is obtained by distillation in special apparatuses called distillers. They must be made of glass. Water obtained in apparatuses made of metal is not suitable for the preparation of isotonic mixtures, since it contains metal ions that have a detrimental effect on body tissues. The same strict rules exist for the introduction of each drug, they are contained in the instructions, and the method of administration (intravenously, in enemas or subcutaneously) is determined by the doctor. Store medicines in dark places at a temperature recommended by the manufacturer. Before use, the solution is brought to a patient's body temperature of 36-38 ° C.