Visual art is built on the concept of "composition". It provides meaningfulness and integrity of the work. Solving an artistic problem, the creator selects expressive means, thinks out the form of embodiment of the idea and builds the composition. To present the idea, the artist needs a variety of means, one of which is the dynamics and static in the composition. Let's talk about the specifics of static and dynamic composition.
Concept of composition
In art, composition is the leading characteristic of art form. It ensures the unity and interconnection of all elements and parts of the work. Researchers put such meanings as the skillful combination of expressive means, the embodiment of the author’s intention in the material, and the development of the theme in space and time in the concept of “composition”. It is with her help that the author presents the main and secondary, draws up the semantic and visual centers. It is present in any kind of art, but the dynamics and statics in the composition are the most tangible and significant in the visual arts. Composition is a kind of tool that organizes all expressive means, and allows the artist to achieve the highest expressiveness of form. The composition combines form and content, they are combined by the aesthetic idea and artistic design of the author.
Principles of Composition
Despite the fact that the main unifying principle of composition is the artist’s unique idea, there are uniform patterns for constructing compositional forms. The basic principles or laws of composition have developed in artistic practice; they were not artificially invented, but were born during the centuries-old creative process of many artists. Integrity is the first and most important law of composition. According to him, the work must have a carefully calibrated form in which nothing can be reduced or added without violating the plan.
The primacy of ideas over form is another law of composition. All means are always subordinate to the idea of ​​the artist, the idea is born first, and only then does the material embodiment appear in color, texture, sound, etc. Any composition is based on contrasts, and this is another law. The contrast of colors, sizes, textures allows you to attract the attention of the viewer to certain elements of the form, highlight the compositional center and give the idea a special expressiveness. Another immutable law of composition creation is novelty. Each work of art is a unique author’s view of a phenomenon or situation. It is in finding a new perspective and new means of translating the idea, perhaps eternal and familiar, that lies the main value of creation.
Composition Tools
Each type of art has developed its own range of expressive compositional means. In art, these include lines, strokes, color, chiaroscuro, proportions and the golden ratio, shape. But there are more general means characteristic of many art forms. These include rhythm, symmetry and asymmetry, the allocation of the compositional center. Dynamics and statics in a composition are universal means of expressing an aesthetic idea. They are closely related to the existence of composition in space and time. The unique ratio of different means allows artists to create individual and original works. It is in the arrangement of this expressive arsenal that the author’s style of the creator is manifested.
Types of composition
Despite the individuality of works of art, there is a fairly limited list of compositional forms. There are several classifications that distinguish the types of compositions for various reasons. According to the characteristics of the representation of the object, frontal, three-dimensional and deep-spatial types are distinguished. They differ in the distribution of objects in space. So, the frontal represents only one plane of the object, volumetric - several, depth-spatial - shows several perspective plans and the placement of objects in three dimensions.
There is also a tradition to distinguish closed and open compositions in which the author distributes objects either relative to the center or with respect to the external contour. Researchers divide compositional forms into symmetrical and asymmetric, according to the dominant arrangement of objects in space with a certain rhythm. In addition, the dynamics and statics in the composition are also the basis for highlighting the types of form of the work. They differ in the presence or absence of movement in the work.
Static composition
Stability and statics have special associations in humans. The whole world around is striving for movement and therefore something permanent, unchanging, motionless is perceived as a certain value. Examining the laws of composition, the researchers found that static is present in almost all forms of art. Artists from ancient times saw a special art and a difficult task in catching the beauty of an object or object. Static compositions are perceived as emotions of peace, harmony, balance. The search for such a balance is a real challenge to the artist. To solve this problem, the artist uses a variety of means.
Static composition tools
Both statics and dynamics in the composition, simple figures in which are the main expressive means, use a different set of forms. Statics are excellently conveyed by such geometric shapes as a rectangle and a square. Static compositions are characterized by the absence of bright contrasts, colors and textures are used close to each other. The items in the compositions are not very different in size. Such compositions are based on nuances, a game of shades.
Dynamic composition
The dynamics and statics in the composition, the definition of which we represent, are solved using traditional expressive means: lines, colors, dimensions. Dynamics in art is the desire to reflect the transience of life. Like statics, motion transmission is a serious artistic challenge. Since it has diverse characteristics, this problem, unlike statics, has much more solutions. Dynamics evokes a diverse range of emotions, it is associated with the movement of thought and empathy.
Dynamics Tools
To convey a sense of movement, a large gamut of expressive means is used. These are vertical and wavy lines, the distribution of objects in space, contrast. But the main means is rhythm, i.e., the alternation of objects with a certain interval. Movement, statics, rhythm in a composition are always interconnected. In each work you can find elements of each of these principles. But for dynamics, rhythm is a fundamental principle.
Examples of statics and dynamics in a composition
Any kind of art can provide samples of static and dynamic compositions. But in the visual arts they are much easier to detect, since these principles are basic to the visual form. The statics and dynamics in the composition, examples of which we want to present, have always been used by artists. Samples of static compositions are still lifes, which were originally built precisely as the caught moment of stopping the movement. Also, many classical portraits are static, for example, Tropinin, Borovikovsky. The embodiment of statics is a painting by K. Malevich “Black Square”. Dynamic compositions are many genre, landscape and battle works. For example, “Three” by V. Perov, “Boyar Morozov” by V. Surikov, “Dance” by A. Matisse.