It’s hard for us to imagine our life without television. Even if we do not watch it, it is still an essential part of our culture. Meanwhile, this invention is just over 100 years old. Television, the history of the origin and development of which fits into such a small period by the standards of history, has radically changed our communication, attitude to information, our states and culture.
Invention
The history of the invention of television lasts almost 100 years. Unlike radio, which was opened simultaneously by two people in different parts of the world, television is a complex, phased creation of technology. Each country has its own version of the history of the discovery of television, in which it focuses on the participation of its scientists in this process. This is because the technology was created by entire teams in the form of solutions to individual technical problems. In order not to go into technical subtleties, we will call the main engineers involved in this event.
At the source is Willoughby Smith, who invented the photoelectric effect in selenium. The next stage of the discovery is associated with the name of the Russian scientist Boris Rosing, who patented the electrical method of transmitting images. Also, a contribution to the discovery was made by P. Nipkov, D. Byrd, J. Jenkins, I. Adamyan, L. Theremin, who independently create transmitters for transmitting images in different countries. The next round of technology development is associated with the advent of electronic television. M. Dickman and G. Glaghe recorded the creation of a tube for transmitting images. But the first patent for the technology that is still used in televisions today was obtained by Boris Rosing in 1907. Further, a whole galaxy of scientists worked on improving the technology. And in 1931, engineer V. Zvorykin created an iconoscope, which is considered the first TV. Based on this invention, F. Farnsuot creates a kinescope. So the story of the creation of television looks briefly.
Work principles
In 1928, with the beginning of regular broadcasting, the real story of the emergence of television begins. Ulysses Sanabria first used radio waves to transmit images and sound. The principle of operation of television is a special projection of the image on a photosensitive plate in a cathode ray tube. For a long time, the history of television was associated with the improvement of this tube, this led to an increase in picture quality and an increase in the screen surface. But with the advent of digital broadcasting, the principle has changed, now a tube tube with a radiation tube has become unnecessary. It uses a completely different way to transmit images. It is encoded and transmitted via digital channels and through the Internet.
Types of television
The long history of the development of television has led to the formation of its many forms. Firstly, it is divided into black and white and color. Until 1950, all televisions showed only a black and white picture. Two color television standards: NTSC and SECAM - are still valid worldwide. Also, television can be divided into paid and free. In each country, there is a set of channels that any TV owner can watch. But there are also channels whose signal can only be seen for money. Forms of payment may be different, but the share of such television is steadily held at 30% of the total market.
By the method of signal transmission, television can be divided into:
- broadcast, in this case, the television receiver receives a signal from the television tower, this is the most familiar and common way of broadcasting;
- cable, in this case the signal goes from the transmitter via a cable connected to the TV;
- satellite — the signal is transmitted from the satellite and captured by a special antenna, which transmits the image to a special set-top box connected to the television;
- Internet TV, in this case, the signal is transmitted through the Network.
By the method of encoding information, television is divided into analog and digital. The second is of higher quality thanks to the latest coding and transmission standards.
TV features
Television has long become an important social phenomenon; it has many significant functions. Due to its enormous reach, accessibility and credibility, television is an essential media. It is television that is an effective tool for disseminating information to a large part of the population.
Thus, the history of television can be briefly described by the word “informing”. The second most important function is the formation of public opinion, it is not in vain that politicians and advertising strive to get on television so much, it is this channel that allows you to convince a person of the correctness of a particular point of view and influence his behavior. Also, television has a cultural and educational function. It translates cultural norms and values, disseminates socially approved standards, it transfers knowledge to a person, and forms criteria for evaluating events and phenomena. Television is also capable of performing an integrative function, as it can unite people in certain communities. Like all media, television has an educational function: it talks about what is good and evil, sets moral standards and values. And, of course, television has an entertaining function, it helps a person to relax, enjoy watching TV.
Types of TV Shows
The whole history of television is the way to search for new formats of television programs. Channels fight for the viewer and therefore are forced to create all new varieties. Modern television content can be divided into the following types:
- Entertaining programs . Television for many people is the main means of leisure, so the channels try to offer a variety of entertainment programs for various groups of viewers.
- Information broadcasts . The history of the appearance of television is primarily associated with the need to disseminate information, and so far many people turn on the television in order to find out the news and get more information about phenomena and facts.
- Infotainment programs . The combination of the two most important functions makes it possible to interest a larger number of viewers, and therefore producers are trying to combine the two formats in one type of program.
- Educational broadcasts . These programs are aimed at deepening and expanding knowledge on any issues. They provide viewers with useful information, allow you to learn something new and expand your horizons.
- Social activating programs . This content is aimed at mobilizing viewers, involving them in any socially significant activities, such as elections.
The emergence and development of television broadcasting in the world
In 1928, the first television station began its work. Ulysses Sanabria first began transmitting images and sound through the frequencies of his radio station. But it was not possible to start regular broadcasting because of the Great Depression. The massive history of regular television begins in 1934 in Germany. The German television company RRG broadcast for the first time in history from the Berlin Olympics on the channel. In 1936, regular broadcasting was established in the UK. A bit later, television companies appeared in the USA and the USSR.
In 1950, the United States first introduced a new standard for color television; almost instantly, this trend was picked up in all developed countries. In 1967, Europe and the USSR introduced their standard for color television. A television culture is gradually being formed, a system of genres is being developed, program archives are being created, professional television journalists and presenters are appearing. In the second half of the 20th century, television became widespread; it existed in almost every home on Earth.
The history of television can be briefly described as a desire for world domination. Television has always competed with cinema, theater, and mass shows, but as a result has occupied its niche in modern culture, not winning, but not losing the competition.
The arrival of television in Russia
The history of the development of television in Russia begins with a delay compared to other developed countries. This was prevented by World War II, which posed other, more urgent, tasks for the state. Regular broadcasting begins in 1931 when the translator starts on medium waves. At first, only 30 mechanical TVs receive it, later Russian masters begin to make home-made receivers. In 1933, the production of prefixes to the B-2 radio receiver for receiving a domestic television signal began. In 1949, the serial production of domestic KVN televisions begins. In 1951, the Central Television and Radio of the USSR was created. In 1959, experiments were launched to launch color broadcasting. In 1965, the USSR launched the first satellite, which allows you to broadcast a television signal throughout the country.
Soviet television
The mass history of television in Russia begins in 1951, when the central studio begins to work. The Soviet government took the creation of a television company very seriously, realizing its gigantic potential for influencing the minds of the country's population. Therefore, the government approached the organization of the studio’s work thoroughly, it opened several thematic editions: socio-political, for children and youth, musical, literary and dramatic. A year later, the Leningrad television studio appeared. Both television studios are subordinate to the Ministry of Culture of the USSR.
Until 1965, broadcasting was conducted only in Moscow and Leningrad. In the second half of the 50s, television studios appeared in many regions, they shot scenes for the central studio. In the late 60s, broadcasting began to spread to European territory, and since 1965 - throughout the country. Gradually new editions appear: "Latest News", "First Program", "Moscow Program", "Educational Program", etc. Broadcasting time is expanding, new channels appear over time. There is a division by numbers, the Central Studio broadcasts on the first digit, and local programs go on the second. In the early 80s, republican television studios appeared. Central television begins to launch several takes for different regions.
New Russian television
With perestroika, approaches to the work of television are changing, and it becomes possible to organize independent television companies. The story of creating a new format television begins with the emergence of the VID television company. It is organized by young journalists V. Listyev, A. Lyubimov, A. Razbash, D. Zakharov. The television company begins to create various products and sells them to new broadcasting companies. In 1989, the corporation of existing television studios began, new organizations appeared: Ostankino, VGTRK, Petersburg 5 Channel. The main frequencies are distributed between them, small television companies begin to shoot various programs for them. In 1996, the rapid growth of new television companies of various scales begins, from large ones, such as NTV and Ren-TV, to the smallest, city level. Such diversity leads to the fact that many programs of various kinds appear on the air: from political to entertainment. The number of television professionals is growing in the country, television is becoming an economically viable field of activity.
Since 2006, a clear separation begins between state and commercial television, between which there is intense competition for the viewer. Today in Russia there are about 3200 television companies that create a product for all groups of viewers.
Commercial television in Russia
The history of Russian television repeats the history of the whole country. Therefore, when the USSR collapsed and a state with new economic and political principles emerges, television is also forced to change. Thus, commercial television appears, which, in addition to the functions listed above, is aimed at generating economic profit. Commercialization of television leads to the emergence of advertising, which is the source of finance. A pay-TV segment also emerges, which includes cable, satellite and Internet television.
In Russia, this process is extremely slow, most of the population is not ready to pay for a television product, and commercial channels cannot offer a lot of unique content that would compete with free television. An additional complication in the development of pay television was the Internet, in which Russians can get almost any information for free. However, you can see that gradually the inhabitants of Russia are getting used to services such as cable and satellite TV, which for a small amount brings a large number of channels to the house.
With great difficulty, but a purely commercial television is being formed, which exists only through the sale of its television product. Such an example is, for example, the independent television company Dozhd, which exists through the sale of subscriptions to its channel and attracts viewers with unique authoring programs. The history of the creation of paid television in the West has a much more successful history. In Russia, however, while commercial television is trying to exist at the expense of advertisers, attracting a large number of viewers on a free basis.
Digital television
The whole history of television is associated with the development of technological progress. It affects the change in image transmission technology and causes the emergence of new types of television. So, with the advent of digital technology, the corresponding television appears. There are several options for transmitting a digital signal: cable, satellite and terrestrial. The latest technologies allow television sets with a special decoder to receive, along with analog and digital signals. Digital technology allows you to quickly transmit high definition images at any distance. Depending on the type of encoding, there are several world standards: European, Japanese and American. The main advantages of digital television over analog are as follows:
- noise reduction during signal transmission;
- increase in transmitted programs in one frequency range;
- improving the quality of the transmitted image and sound;
- the possibility of interactive interaction with the viewer, he can choose the viewing time, review programs, order specific content;
- the ability to transmit additional information, except for television programs.
Today, the world is rapidly replacing analog transmitters with digital ones. In Russia, a program has also been adopted to replace analogue broadcasting with digital, already today all the main channels transmit two types of signals, but the number of analogue channels will gradually decrease. Over time, when all viewers replace the TV sets in their homes with modern ones, analog television will come to naught.
Current trends in the development of television in the world
With the development of the Internet, the history of television is changing its vector. Today, every major television company creates an electronic version of the channel where you can see TV shows, leave comments, make some kind of application. Television is changing the model of interaction with viewers, now channels are constantly striving to engage viewers in communication. And obviously, this trend will only develop. Viewers already have the opportunity to leave comments, vote, ask questions to the heroes of the programs. Apparently, in the near future the broadcasting grid will lose its relevance, each viewer will form his own grid upon request. The modern viewer is becoming more and more a consumer, and his interests will continue to determine the form of information on television. The trend of integration of television with electronic media will apparently only increase. The TV will become not only a television content receiver, but also a multifunctional device.
Prospects for the development of television in Russia
The modern history of domestic television is moving in the same direction as the global one.In 2004, Russia was the first to have access to the fiber-optic method of transmitting a television signal. Thus opened a new era of Internet television. Today, television companies are under intense pressure from electronic media, which attract viewers, especially young people. Therefore, it is obvious that the history of television in Russia will develop in rivalry and cooperation with the Internet. Today, 99% of households are covered by television, but there is a trend toward TV rejection, especially in young families in the capital region. Apparently, the existing variety of television companies will decrease slightly due to migrants to the Internet, the specialization of companies will increase, and the division into broadcast and production companies will become more intense.