Extrapyramidal disorders are associated with changes in muscle tone, impaired motor activity, the appearance of hyperkinesis or hypokinesia (twitching or immobility), as well as their combinations.
Symptoms of the disease are manifested in lesions of the structures of the brain, optic tubercle, basal ganglion, submineous region, internal capsule.
Extrapyramidal disorders are based on neurotransmitter metabolism disorders, the balance between cholinergic and dopaminergic mediators, including the interconnections of the pyramidal system. Discoordination of movements is the result of these violations.
The extrapyramidal system is involved in the regulation of tone, posture, changes in muscle activity, it provides accuracy, speed, smooth movements. Interacting with the cerebral cortex and the limbic system, it provides higher nervous activity and is responsible for the emotional sphere.
Extrapyramidal disorders, hypokinesis, are manifested as a result of damage to the frontal lobes, substantia nigra and reticular formation. Hyperkinesis is formed in cases of disorders of the cerebellar-thalamic pathway and thalamus, striatal, red nucleus and are excessive, violent and involuntary movements.
Extrapyramidal disorders include athetosis, chorea, and torsion spasm.
The manifestation of athetosis occurring in the fingers is their vermiform, writhing, slow movements. In the muscles of the face - there is a curvature of the mouth, twitching of the tongue and lips. Muscle tension is replaced by relaxation and a decrease in tone. These disorders occur during birth, craniocerebral trauma, epidemic encephalitis, syphilis, atherosclerosis.
Chorea and other autonomic disorders are characterized by rapid violent movements of the limbs and trunk, face and neck, which are inconsistent and irregular in color, arising from a decrease in muscle tone.
Torso muscle dystonia, or torsion spasm, can occur at any age. Rotational, corkscrew, kinking hyperkinesis occurs in the muscles of the trunk and neck when walking. Deviations begin with the cervical muscles. A person makes lateral obsessive turns of the head. These movements can be isolated without affecting other muscle groups. The disease also manifests itself as a cramping spasm. As a result of deviations during writing, the fingers enter a state of hypertonicity, I begin to strain, as a result, small movements become impossible, the patient does not open his hand. At certain moments with muscle spasm, a person can seem to freeze in one pose. Torsion spasm and other dysuric disorders develop with degenerative hereditary diseases, encephalitis. For the treatment of abnormalities, muscle relaxants are prescribed: baclofen, midcalm, vitamins B, sedatives.
Extrapyramidal disorders include a variety of tics, convulsive repetitive twitching of certain muscle groups, most often the eyelids, neck, face. Symptoms are manifested in the form of the same type of repeated head tipping, winks, forehead wrinkles, twitching of the shoulder or neck. Amplification occurs with stress or nervous tension. For treatment, muscle relaxants and sedatives are used: valerian tablets, novopassit, dormiplant, afobazole, midcalm, pantocalcin, B6 vitamins and reflexology.
Myoclonus also refers to disorders of the nervous system. Symptoms of the disease manifest themselves in the form of short, quick twitches, sometimes fulminant in some muscle groups. These extrapyramidal disorders occur with encephalitis and Kozhevnikovsky epilepsy.