Treatment and diet for diabetes - this issue is becoming more and more interesting to Russians every year. After all, this is one of the most common diseases among people of working age. According to statistics, on the planet today, about 285 million people suffer from diabetes. If you believe the disappointing forecasts, then in the next decade and a half this figure could grow by 150 million people. Among the leaders on this list are North American countries. Russia ranks fourth in the prevalence of the disease. Every year, about 750 thousand people take insulin.
Types of disease
Timely treatment and diet for diabetes can significantly alleviate the patient's condition. Otherwise, he should be afraid of quite serious complications. For example, brain damage or vascular disease. That is why it is so important to conduct competent treatment in the early stages.
There are several types of ailment that are distinguished by the types of complications that arise, the causes of the occurrence, and also the complexity of treating the disease itself. We consider separately each of the classifications. Etiological distinguishes diabetes for the reasons that led to its appearance:
- Type 1 diabetes affects mainly people under 30 years old. This is the first type of diabetes, which is also called insulin-dependent. The main symptoms that characterize it: excessive appetite, thirst, weight loss, increased urination. The disease appears due to a failure in carbohydrate metabolism due to the destruction of beta cells located in the pancreas. At the same time, the latter ceases to supply the necessary insulin for the body. If you do not deal with the disease, it can cause coma or even death.
- Type 2 diabetes is considered non-insulin-dependent. As a rule, they suffer from a genetic predisposition, as well as in old age. At the same time, insulin is produced in insufficient quantities only if a person leads an active lifestyle, eats properly, monitors the level of sugar in the body. In this case, patients may suffer from hyperthornia, obesity, hyperkalemia. They may have impaired kidney function, and cardiovascular disease.
- Gestational diabetes is also called pregnant diabetes. It is allocated in a separate group, since pregnancy can not be attributed to the disease - it is a natural state of the body. This form first appears, but after delivery in most cases passes. Scientists consider this type of ailment symptomatic. It should be feared, as it increases the risk of birth defects in the infant and even fetal death. Moreover, diabetes can worsen several years after childbirth.
- In some cases, it is not possible to determine the disease, therefore, doctors around the world are proposing to introduce a type of diabetes of the indefinite type into the classification.
There are also types of diabetes that can be caused by infections, endocrinopathies, pancreatic destruction, and genetic factors. There are several types of diabetes by type of complication. In this case, blood vessels, nerves, eyesight, and diabetic foot syndrome may develop.
When classifying diabetes by severity of treatment, there are:
- A mild form of type 2 diabetes, the treatment of which is required in the early stages of the disease. At the same time, the patient feels muscle weakness, dry mouth, and remains operational. At this stage, insulin is not required.
- Moderate diabetes is characterized by a severe metabolic disorder. The patient is required to systematically take drugs that lower blood sugar, or insulin. At the same time, he is allowed almost all the food corresponding to his needs.
- A severe form requires daily intake of insulin, since carbohydrates in the body remain negligible: they are all excreted in the urine. With careful and correct treatment, a severe degree of the disease can be translated into moderate severity.
Modern methods
In Russia, most patients suffer from type 2 diabetes. A large number of people are in a prediabetic state when this disease cannot be diagnosed yet, but their sugar level is invariably elevated. Currently, there are several ways to combat this ailment.
One of the most effective is considered a diet. In the treatment of diabetes, a person completely refuses alcohol, uses sugar substitutes. There are many diets that are used for one form or another of the disease. The main thing is not to decide on your own which one to adhere to, but be sure to consult a doctor.
Sugar-lowering drugs are also called antidiabetic. These drugs help keep blood sugar at a certain level. They are suitable for those patients for whom insulin is produced independently, but it is not enough. Such medications are recommended to be taken in conjunction with physical activity and diet.
The most popular treatment for diabetes is insulin. It is usually prescribed along with sugar-lowering medications. This method of treating diabetes is used for ketosis, weight loss, before surgery, as well as for any complications in patients with the second type of diabetes. Insulin is contraindicated during lactation, pregnancy, in a coma, as well as in diseases of a hemorrhagic nature.
One of the main principles of diabetes treatment is that the patient should regularly evaluate blood sugar levels. For this, glucose in blood serum is measured. Monitoring is carried out repeatedly throughout the day. This helps to choose the most effective treatment. The limit range for glucose levels for each patient is set by the doctor. Moreover, in most cases they are guided by average figures. On an empty stomach, it should not exceed 6 mmol per liter, and after some time after eating, the indicator should be no more than 8.
The specific treatment of different types of diabetes
The most common are violations of the first and second type. In the treatment of these varieties of the disease there is a specificity. With the first type of ailment, the patient requires insulin therapy throughout his life. At the same time, he should evaluate the level of glucose in the body, exercise, be observed by an endocrinologist. Complete elimination of diabetes in this case is possible only with transplantation of the pancreas, as well as island cells. However, this is an expensive and extremely painful method. Moreover, after transplantation, you will have to constantly take immunosuppressive drugs.
Type 1 diabetics must follow a strict diet. The main thing is to abandon indigestible fats. 30% of the daily diet should be in fats, proteins - at least 20% of the daily norm. The rest of the amount of substances received by the body should be occupied by carbohydrates. Be sure to limit the use of alcohol. The number of daily calories received is subject to strict control.
In international practice, there are several types of diabetes management of the second kind. Patients are recommended exercise, a low-carb diet, hormonal injections and certain medications, as well as the right diet, to establish sugar levels and make them stable. By the way, physical culture contributes to the removal of excess carbohydrates from the body.
A large amount of vitamins and minerals should be included in the daily diet, and salt intake should be reduced. Hiking, swimming, cycling are welcome.
Power Features
In the standards for the treatment of diabetes, a special role is played by diet. Most experts are of the opinion that the greatest result is achieved with fractional nutrition, that is, five to six times a day. Every day - three key meals of two or three dishes. Also, the patient is recommended to make two or three snacks from one dish. Ideally, you need to eat every day at the same time, developing a habit of regimen.
Each time a meal, the body must receive a certain amount of calories. Their distribution throughout the day is as follows:
- breakfast - 25%;
- second breakfast - 10-15%;
- lunch - 25-30%;
- afternoon tea - 5-10%;
- dinner - 20-25%;
- second dinner - 5-10%.
There are also several more rules for diet and treatment of diabetes, which can significantly increase the therapeutic effect:
- The last time you should eat at least three hours before bedtime.
- During meals, foods high in fiber should be consumed earlier than others.
- If there are sweets in the patient's diet, they should be eaten at the main meal.
- It is forbidden to eat after stress or physical exertion.
- It is important that the food is moderate. Gluttony should be avoided, leaving the table with a slight feeling of hunger.
Cooking
With diabetes, there are certain rules in cooking that should be followed. For example, prolonged heat treatment of products is not recommended. Food is best steamed or boiled. Remember that heat treatment increases the glycemic index. It is harmful to the diabetic. It is not recommended to eat dishes prepared in deep fat, on the grill, as well as semi-finished products, fast food. It is forbidden to add ketchup, mayonnaise, sauce to food.
Products in which a high starch content is best not to grind and not boil, so that the substance is absorbed worse. Therefore, make sure that the cereals are not digested, and boil the potatoes in a peel. It is recommended to serve dishes not too hot and not too cold on the table. The optimum temperature is from 15 to 70 degrees.
Product Index
The glycemic index is the ability of certain products to increase glucose. This indicator should be equal to calorie content and carbohydrate content. It must be taken into account when drawing up different diets.
Please note that the higher the glycemic index of products in the table for diabetics, the faster you should expect an increase in glucose levels. With an equal amount of carbohydrates of a higher index, one should expect in those products in which there are fewer plant fibers and more simple carbohydrates.
A glycemic index of less than 40 is considered low, medium - from 40 to 70, high - more than 70. It is important for patients with severe type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as insulin-dependent patients. A table of products with a glycemic index helps to orient oneself with diabetes.
Low Glycemic Index Foods| Product | Glycemic index |
| Basil, Parsley, Vanillin, Oregano, Cinnamon | 5 |
| Leaf salad | nine |
| Avocado | ten |
| Soya, spinach, rhubarb, tofu, peanuts, pickled and pickled cucumbers, leeks, olives, onions, pesto, zucchini, ginger, mushrooms, asparagus, pine and walnuts, pistachios, hazelnuts, chili peppers, fresh cucumbers, Brussels and cauliflower, celery, bran, broccoli, cashews, almonds | fifteen |
| Eggplant, Soy Yogurt, Peanut Butter, Artichoke | 20 |
| Pumpkin seeds, gooseberries, soy flour, strawberries, golden beans, strawberries, fresh raspberries, red currants, green lentils, cherries | 25 |
| Passion fruit, fresh tangerines, milk, dark chocolate, yellow lentils, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, low-fat cottage cheese, tomatoes, pears, jam, beets, garlic, carrots, green beans, grapefruit, apricot, brown lentils, soy milk | thirty |
| Yeast | 31 |
| Tomato juice | 33 |
| Peach, compote, nectarine, pomegranate, beans | 34 |
| Fat-free natural yogurt, fructose ice cream, plum, quince, sesame seeds, orange, Chinese noodles, green peas, apple, chickpeas, black rice | 35 |
Foods with an average glycemic index are also acceptable for consumption, but less frequently.
| Product | Glycemic index |
| Dried apricots, prunes, pasta, carrot juice, buckwheat, dried figs | 40 |
| Whole Grain Breakfasts | 43 |
| Grapes, fresh orange, brown rice, coconut, grapefruit juice | 45 |
| Cranberry | 47 |
| Apple juice, persimmon, brown rice, lychee, mango, pineapple juice, cranberry juice, kiwi, basmati | 50 |
| Canned peaches, shortbread cookies, sushi, bulgur, mustard, spaghetti, grape juice, ketchup | 55 |
| Arab pita, sweet corn | 57 |
| Papaya | 59 |
| Oatmeal, cocoa powder, mayonnaise, melon, long grain rice, lasagna, sugar ice cream, banana, chestnut | 60 |
| Thin pizza with cheese and tomatoes | 61 |
| Fritters | 62 |
| Pasta with cheese | 64 |
| Whole grain and rye bread, canned vegetables, sorbet, sweet potato, boiled potatoes, maple syrup, raisins, granola with sugar, jam, marmalade | 65 |
| Wheat flour | 69 |
Foods with a high glycemic index are not recommended for use in diabetes, and some patients are forbidden.
| Product | Glycemic index |
| Couscous, semolina, brown and white sugar, risotto, barley, chips, croissant, noodles, sweet soda, chocolate bars | 70 |
| Millet | 71 |
| Rice porridge, French baguette, pumpkin, watermelon | 75 |
| Donuts | 76 |
| Cracker | 80 |
| Mashed potatoes | 83 |
| Pop Corn, Rice Pudding, Hamburger Buns, Braised or Boiled Carrots | 85 |
| White rice | 90 |
| Canned Apricots | 91 |
| Rice noodles | 92 |
| Fried and baked potatoes, potato casserole, buns | 95 |
| Swede | 99 |
| Modified Starch, Toast, Glucose | 100 |
| Dates | 103 |
| Beer | 110 |
Type 1 diabetes diet
To help you understand the content of useful and harmful substances in certain products will help you in stores for diabetics. Diets themselves vary depending on what type of disease the patient has.
Features of the diet for type 1 diabetes mellitus are that carbohydrate intake should not be strictly limited. It is believed that this may lead to glucose tolerance or hypoglycemic coma.
In this case, it is important for the patient to take into account the consumed carbohydrates. The diet menu for type 1 diabetes should include a variety of vegetables. At the same time, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of processed foods, fast food, the amount of liquid with high sugar levels, fruit juices. Do not forget about carbohydrates: with a shortage of sugar, sugar levels can be reduced to a minimum.
Table number 9
But what kind of diet is needed for type 2 diabetes, there is no consensus. There are several nutritional principles that differ in detail. In Soviet practice, an approach was applied, the author of which was the gastroenterologist Pevzner. He compiled several diets for the treatment of various ailments, one of which was a violation in the metabolism of carbohydrates.
The antidiabetic method was under the ninth number on the list, therefore it is known as table No. 9. The diet for type 1 diabetes in this case is intended for patients who have the most severe stages of the disease.
The main food is non-fat foods and vegetables. The amount of carbohydrates in this case should not be higher than 300 g during the day, proteins should correspond to the physiological norm (80 g per day), plants and animals are divided approximately in half. The optimal amount of fat is 90 g. During the day, you should drink at least one and a half liters of liquid.
Sample menu
What can I eat on a diet for diabetes? The daily calorie intake of table No. 9 for patients with normal weight is 2,500 kcal.
In this case, the amount of consumption of pasta and products from them, bread, beets, carrots and potatoes is minimized. Jam, jam, refined sugar, ice cream, confectionery, dried fruits and sweet fruits fall under the ban.
If the patient has an increased weight, the daily caloric value should be reduced to 1,500-1,700 kcal. The maximum amount of carbohydrates per day is 120 g. Sausages, lard, sausages, vegetable and butter, spreads, margarine, mayonnaise, sour cream, cottage cheese, cream, fat cheese, seeds, nuts, and fat meat are excluded from the diet.
US Diabetes Association Recommendations
During a diabetes diet, the products that are allowed and forbidden to patients are the same in most recommendations. For example, the American Diabetes Association prohibits fast carbohydrates and also significantly limits the total amount of carbohydrates in the diet.
An exemplary diet for diabetes is aimed at ensuring that sugar does not rise:
- Breakfast: oatmeal or buckwheat porridge, cottage cheese, scrambled eggs.
- Lunch: for the first - pureed vegetable suras, cabbage soup without meat; on the second - beef goulash, fish cakes, boiled meat; Garnish - vegetable salads, stews, stewed cabbage.
- Snack: boiled egg, vegetable casserole, kefir.
- Dinner: main course and side dish, which is allowed for lunch.
At the Diabetic Store, you can easily find everything you need. In many respects, these recommendations are similar to the requirements of table No. 9, but at the same time there are not such strict restrictions on fats. The main emphasis is on maintaining a balance between fats of different classes.