Blood components and preparations

Medicines that are obtained directly from the blood itself are called blood products. The obtained fractions can significantly expand the boundaries of hemotherapy, and most importantly - make it possible to use specific components of blood and plasma, which have a targeted effect. Blood products are divided into three groups: complex action, immunoglobulins (immunologically active) and hemostatic.

Preparations of complex action. Plasma

Complex drugs include blood plasma and albumin. Their effect is the simultaneous provision of antishock and hemodynamic effects. Freshly frozen plasma fully retains all functions, so its use is most advisable. There are other types of plasma: dry (lyophilized) and liquid (native). In the manufacturing process, they significantly lose their healing properties, so their use is not so effective. Fresh frozen is obtained by plasmapheresis or by centrifugation of whole blood, freezing takes place from the moment of blood sampling from the donor in the first 1-2 hours. Freshly frozen blood products can be stored for up to one year at temperatures from 1 to 25 degrees and below. During this period, all plasma coagulation factors, components of fibrinolysis, anticoagulants are preserved.

Preparing for a plasma transfusion

The blood product is freshly frozen plasma. Before starting the transfusion, it is necessary to prepare the drug. Plasma is thawed in warm water, the temperature of which is no more than 37-38 degrees. The plastic bag with biomaterial can be stretched by hand to speed up the process. In accordance with the attached instructions, thawed plasma must be transfused within the next hour. After preparation, fibrin flakes may appear in it, but this does not prevent its transfusion through standard plastic systems that are equipped with filters.

You can not transfuse the plasma if massive clots are found in it, significant turbidity is evidence that the drug is poor-quality. Repeated freezing and thawing of freshly frozen plasma is not allowed.

A drug from human blood should not be transferred from one bag to several patients. Also, you can not leave the plasma for the subsequent procedure after the plastic bag has been depressurized. If the patient is sensitized to parenteral actions for the introduction of protein, he is contraindicated in transfusion of freshly frozen blood plasma. In order to avoid pathological reactions, biological samples are taken, as well as during whole blood transfusion.

Transfusion

Freshly frozen plasma, which is transferred to the patient, should be taken from a person with the same blood group as the patient, according to the AB0 system. In emergency cases, if there is no single-group plasma, the following combinations are allowed:

• Plasma: group A (II) - patient: blood group 0 (I)
• Plasma: group B (III) - patient: blood group 0 (I)
• Plasma: group AB (IV) - patient: any blood type.

Group compatibility tests are not conducted. Blood products (plasma transfusion) are indicated for:

• thrombohemorrhagic syndromes,
• burn diseases
• purulent-septic processes,
• hemorrhagic diathesis: including hemophilia types A and B,
• prolonged compression syndromes,
• with massive blood loss (over 25%), plasma during transfusion is combined with an erythrocyte mass.

Freshly frozen plasma is also used to treat patients with recurrent blood vessel thrombosis, more often against the background of streptokinase or other fibrinolytic drugs.

Albumen

Blood products such as albumin are available as solutions in concentrations of 5, 10 and 20%. Protein is also used along with purified albumin, while it contains alpha and beta globulins. A solution of albumin after the introduction of stabilizers into it is able to withstand pasteurization. And this helps inactivate HIV and hepatitis viruses. Albumin is used for various types of shock - operating, traumatic, burn. It is administered in case of edema, which is caused by violations in the protein composition of the blood, with a large loss of albumin in the liver (ascites, cirrhosis, burns). Albumin in concentrated solutions is used when it is necessary to limit the amount of fluid introduced into the body (with heart failure, cerebral edema).

A 5% concentration of the blood product (albumin) is used for blood loss when normalization of blood pressure is required. When albumin is administered with significant blood loss, it must be combined with transfusion of red blood cells. In pediatric practice, albumin is most often used in the form of a 10% solution.

Immunoglobulin

Blood medicines - immunoglobulins - make up a large group of immunological drugs. They are actively working against infectious diseases. In clinical practice, gamma globulin is most often used. Specific drugs have high therapeutic effects, they are directed against tetanus, tick-borne encephalitis, flu and other infectious diseases.

A highly sensitive immunoglobulin is used in the treatment of thrombocytopenic idiopathic purpura. Medicines of this group are administered intramuscularly. The greater effect is produced by purified immunoglobulins, which are administered intravenously. This is due to the fact that the protein immediately enters the bloodstream and does not go through the stage of cleavage by tissue proteases.

Hemostatic drugs for blood diseases

Hemostatic drugs are fibrinogen, a thrombosed complex, and cryoprecipitate. The latter contains a large amount of antihemophilic globulin (otherwise - VIII coagulation factor) and von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and fibrin-stabilizing XIII factor, as well as other protein impurities. These drugs for the treatment of blood are available in plastic bags, bottles in dried or frozen form. They are used for diseases of von Willebrand, hemophilia A and other types of bleeding.

What blood products are used for hemorrhagic disease in newborns, hemophilia B, an overdose of anticoagulants? In these cases, a prothrombotic complex (CSF or PPSB) is used. In its absence, freshly frozen plasma is introduced.

Fibrinogen has a limited scope, it is used only for bleeding caused by fibrinogen deficiency. In cases of hypofibrinogenemia, which is caused by thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, the replacement of a colorless protein is made by freshly frozen plasma. Purified fibrinogen does not balance with natural coagulants and may undergo coagulation in the bloodstream, and this can increase renal and pulmonary failure. To make up for the deficiency of the mentioned component, it is better to use plasma.

Topical hemostatic agents

Thus, blood preparations are mainly administered intravenously, although there is a group of hemostatic agents that are applied topically - to stop external bleeding that may occur during surgery. Such agents include a hemostatic sponge, a fibrin film, thrombin, an antiseptic biological swab, and others. The thrombin has a fundamental effect. It causes the formation of clots that thrombose the gaps of blood vessels in places of bleeding. The use of hemostatic agents for hemostasis in case of damage to the surfaces of parenchymal organs is very effective.

Fibrin sponges and films due to their mechanical properties are used not only for stopping bleeding. As a plastic material, they have found application in the treatment of trophic ulcers, burns. In neurosurgery, fibrin films are successfully used to replace the dura mater deficiency.

In addition to the above drugs, there are those that have stimulating and antianemic properties. These include the biostimulator "Polybiolin" and "Erigem".

Vascular disease

Pathological conditions of blood vessels occur in cases of loss of flexibility, when they become brittle or condense due to the accumulation of slag in them. The following diseases occur: migraine, atherosclerosis, which can trigger a stroke, vegetative-vascular dystonia. At any age, with a loss of vascular elasticity and blockage, the patient experiences the following symptoms:

• impaired memory and mental activity;
• sleep disturbance;
• the development of depression, the deterioration of morale;
• numbness of the limbs;
• chronic fatigue;
• frequent dizziness.

Also, spinal injuries and cervical osteochondrosis can become the causes of malfunctioning of blood vessels. In this case, the vertebral artery that feeds the brain can be damaged. First you need to look for and eliminate the cause, that is, treat the spine, and then deal with the vessels: drugs only temporarily relieve painful symptoms.

Preparations for blood vessels

Preparations for the treatment of blood vessels of the heart and brain are different, it all depends on the principle of action. Each has its own range of purposes. The most popular group of drugs are drugs for improving cerebral circulation, vasodilation. Such medicines are divided into three groups:

• myotropic (relax smooth muscles) - this is "Dibazol", "Eufillin";
• neurotropic (effect on nerve cells) - this is "Reserpine", "Validol";
• nitrates (a combination of two principles of action) - this is Nitrosorbitol, Nitroglycerin.

Depending on the effect and composition, several more groups are distinguished:

• Calcium blockers. Calcium ions, which make blood vessels more fragile, firm and constrict. Mostly these medications are for improving cerebral circulation. With heart diseases, they can not be used. Calcium blockers are classified into three generations. The first is based on three main components (nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem). The second generation includes drugs "Klentiazem", "Tiapamil", "Nimodipine." And the third is Amlodipine, Norvask. The advantages of the latter are that they have fewer side effects, act selectively and prolongedly.
• Herbal medicines. The main advantage is a minimum of contraindications and side effects. Get rid of spasms. Improve blood flow.
• Drugs containing nicotinic acid help lower blood cholesterol and minimize the risk of plaque formation. Ineffective against large vessels, affect small capillaries. These drugs should be taken only as directed by a doctor in complex therapy, since they have a bad effect on the liver (nicotinic acid, Enduratin).
• Heart medications. Such drugs improve brain nutrition and at the same time normalize the function of the cardiac coronary vessels. They are made on the basis of lily of the valley, digitalis, adonis (Amrinon, Cardiovalen, Adonisid).

Other drugs for the treatment of blood diseases

The drug for blood sugar is an important component of drug therapy as part of a set of measures that are carried out in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Not all people are able to maintain a normal level of glucose in the blood, following a proper diet and performing physical exercises.

People suffering from diabetes are forced to take medicines prescribed by the doctor that lower blood sugar. The doctor details the course of treatment and the correct dosage. Sugar-lowering drugs are divided into three groups:

• Medicines that activate pancreatic insulin production.
• Medicines that increase insulin susceptibility.
• Medicines that reduce the absorption of carbohydrates.

The most popular are the drugs of the first group, which increase the production of insulin by the pancreas, which leads to a decrease in blood sugar levels. These include Amarin, Maninil, Novonorm, Diabeton. These medicines should only be prescribed by a doctor. Each organism is individual, people react differently. Some do not feel the therapeutic effect, blood sugar remains unchanged. In such cases, the doctor should review the treatment and prescribe other drugs or change the dosage.

Iron preparations for blood. With a lack of iron in the blood, the required amount of hemoglobin cannot be formed, and this disrupts the transfer of oxygen from the lungs by red blood cells to all tissues. There is oxygen starvation. The consequence of this is anemia. Modern drugs that improve blood, used to treat anemia, contain in their composition the necessary amount of iron, which can restore normal hematopoiesis. With food, it is impossible to achieve such a quick effect. The drug dose of iron exceeds the possible assimilation of the daily norm of ferrum by the body by 20 times. So attempts to replenish iron in a painful condition only with the help of healthy products will not yield the desired results. Special preparations are needed.

1. Means, which contain ferrous iron in the form of sulfate salts containing vitamins that can improve the absorption and absorption of the desired substance. The most popular drugs:

• tablets "Tardiferron", "Sorbifer durules";
• capsules "Ferrofolgamma", "Ferretab", "Fenyuls";
• for children capsules, syrup, drops "Actiferrin";
• a combination in a solution of iron, manganese and zinc gluconate - "Totem";
• gemofer dragee;
• the well-known useful delicacy "Hematogen".

2. Medicines that contain ferric iron. A feature of such drugs is the use of iron in the form of polymaltosate hydroxide:

• tablets "Ferrum Lek", "Maltofer", "Biofer";
• syrup, solution, drops "Fenyuls", "Maltofer", "Ferlatum";
• solutions for intramuscular administration "Ferrum Lek", "Maltofer", "Argeferr", "Venofer", "Cosmofer".

Injections are used if the patient has diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lesions of small vessels, and injections are indicated for large blood loss. With the intravenous route of administration of the drug, thrombophlebitis may occur.