Antibiotics in dentistry are prescribed when some pathological phenomena occur. For example, with exacerbation of chronic and acute purulent, as well as inflammatory processes that occur in the face and jaw. This category of pathologies includes diseases such as odontogenic and dentoalveolar abscesses, periostitis, pericoronitis, odontogenic sepsis and other infectious diseases of the oral cavity.
Preventive measures to eliminate a variety of infectious complications. Antibacterial drugs are prescribed before performing dental interventions in patients at risk. The use of these drugs in patients with heart disease, diabetes, and glomerulonephritis is shown.
In surgical interventions, the need for antibiotics is determined by a specialist, based on the characteristics of the disease. Such treatment is recommended in the presence of phenomena such as a purulent-inflammatory process, operations performed on bone tissue, suturing wounds, and the use of autotransplantation or osteoplastic materials.
When they are not appointed?
Antibiotics in dentistry are not used in the following cases:
- With open wounds of the oral cavity less than 1 square. cm.
- With heavy bleeding from the wound cavity.
- In the absence of symptoms of the inflammatory process.
- If there are wounds on the mucosa, but there is no damage to the bone tissue.
During antibiotic therapy, it is important to consider the patient's condition, as well as side effects that may occur as a result of taking these drugs. Their regular use inevitably leads to inhibition of the immune system, as well as the occurrence of digestive system disorders and allergic-toxic reactions.
Classification
There are several groups of antibiotics in dentistry. In this case, four main types of drugs and several additional ones can be distinguished. They are the following:
- Penicillin category. These drugs affect the synthesis of pathological microorganisms, and also act against anaerobic bacteria. Today, such medicines as Amoxicillin, Amoclav, Augmentin, Amoxiclav are used. They are prescribed for people of any age, and side effects from their use are minimal, and these drugs are tolerated quite easily. They are used, as a rule, for various periodontal inflammations. What antibiotics are used in dentistry yet?
- Cephalosporin group. These medicines are used in the presence of periodontal and odontogenic inflammations, as well as in various dental procedures with high trauma in the face and jaw. There are four generations of such medicinal substances. The most common of these are third-generation antibiotics (Cefotaxime) and a fourth - Cepepime.
- Tetracycline group. In dentistry, these antibiotics are very effective in treating gum disease because they have a wide spectrum of effects and have high absorption rates. Such substances include tetracycline and doxycycline. They are prescribed most often in inflammatory processes that occur in soft and bone tissues. Dosage is determined based on the stage of the process.
- Nitroimidazole, imidazole and their derivatives. Medications such as tinidazole and metronidazole are very popular. The mechanism of their action is based on the inhibition of the synthesis of pathological cells. This type of antibiotic is used in the presence of serious inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, since such substances can penetrate deep into the bone tissue.
- Macrolide group. This category of medicines is intended to eliminate a variety of bacteria, as well as certain types of anaerobes. Macrolides have low toxicity and can be used during pregnancy, in newborns, during the lactation period. This group is represented by such drugs as Sumamed, based on the active substance - azithromycin. The product has gained great popularity among pregnant women, who often have various allergic reactions to penicillin and beta-lactams.
- Fluoroquinolone antibiotic group in dentistry. These drugs are very common among practicing dentists, and the most prescribed substance is ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are relatively inexpensive, and the incidence of allergic reactions when using them is low. These drugs are contraindicated for pregnant women and children.
- Lincosamides. Such medicines include Clindamycin and Linkomycin. This type of osteotropic antibacterial drugs is used in dentistry in the treatment of severe infectious bone pathologies. They are intended for cases, cases when the patient has allergic reactions to all other medicines.
In the process of numerous studies, a problem was identified in the use of highly targeted antibiotics in dentistry after tooth extraction. In purulent-inflammatory processes occurring in the maxillofacial region, aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms of various types are often involved, which differ significantly in sensitivity and perceive the effect of certain drugs on them. Therefore, antibacterial medicines in dentistry should be used in combination, in order to prevent the growth of pathogenic flora of one species when exposed to the flora of another.
What antibiotics in dentistry for gum disease?
The most effective antibacterial agents
With respect to anaerobic microorganisms, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines and gramicidin C proved to be most effective. The use of beta-lactams is advisable only in the presence of gram-positive bacteria of an aerobic type. Beta-lactams, as a rule, do not have high efficiency against gram-negative bacteria.
Widespread substances such as aminoglycosides, for example, "Sisomycin" or "Kanamycin", which have a pronounced antimicrobial effect. Modern dental clinics use these drugs in the treatment of phlegmon of the jaw area, however, due to the resistance of odontogenic pathogens, the use of these antibiotics is possible only with other medical devices.
Of particular importance are the means of a wide spectrum of action. They are represented by the latest generation of antibacterial substances that can cope with many types of pathogenic bacteria, as well as superinfection - diseases caused by several varieties of pathological microorganisms simultaneously.
The antibiotics used in dentistry are constantly being improved.
What drugs are usually prescribed?
In most cases, specialists prescribe antibacterial and antimicrobial medications with a wide spectrum of action. Such pharmaceuticals are prescribed prophylactically, in order to avoid the risk of developing any purulent and inflammatory processes in patients. There are also many medications that can be prescribed for certain cases of specific diseases.
Augmentin
A popular antibiotic in dentistry for gum disease. Drugs with the same active substance are Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav. These medicines belong to the group of penicillins that have an antimicrobial effect. They have been used in medical dental practice since the mid 80s. An overdose of these drugs is almost impossible, in addition, their administration is allowed to nursing mothers and pregnant women. You can also use these penicillin antibacterial agents in pediatric dentistry.
Ciprofloxacin
Medicines with the same substance - “Tsipral” or “Alzipro”. They are antimicrobial agents with low allergenicity. Overdoses during their use are practically excluded, however, such drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy, in childhood, as well as in various complex diseases. Medicines of this group are used in the treatment of fluxes.
Sumamed
The drug is based on azithromycin. On the pharmacological market, there are also dozens of analogues of this medication under the names "Sumametsin", "Azicide", etc. The dosage of these drugs is designed for all ages and clinical symptoms of inflammatory diseases. This medication is not recommended for children, however, it is widely used in severe cases in the treatment of childhood diseases.
Antibiotic "Linkomycin" in dentistry
This drug is considered a fairly retrograde product related to first-generation lincosamides. It has a medication exclusively bacteriostatic effect, therefore, does not destroy harmful microorganisms. This drug has a rather weak digestibility, and to obtain an antibacterial effect it is necessary to take it in large doses, which negatively affects the intestinal flora.
We described above which antibiotics in dentistry for flux patients.
"Metronidazole"
This medication is a derivative of nitroimidazole and has a pronounced antiprotozoal as well as antimicrobial effect. In dental practice, it is often used to treat gingivitis - in acute, edematous, chronic and atrophic forms, as well as stomatitis and periodontitis. This drug is contraindicated in pregnant women and children. Allergic manifestations are extremely rare, and cases of overdoses of the active substance of the drug are unknown. When using this antibiotic in dentistry, the inflammatory process quickly subsides.
Doxycycline
This tool is a second generation tetracycline antibacterial drug . It has a fairly good absorption and is absorbed by almost 100%. It can be used for all types of purulent and inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, including the formation of pus in soft and bone tissues. The medicine is taken at the same time as food to eliminate the negative effects on the digestive organs. It is contraindicated after the first trimester of pregnancy and has many different side effects, and poisoning is possible with improper dosage.
How to use antibiotics in dentistry after tooth extraction or inflammation?
Ways to use antibacterial drugs
When using antibiotics, it is important to follow some rules for effective therapy. Medicines should be used only with the consent of a dentist, and it is best to initially do bacterial culture to determine the individual reactions of the body to the active substances of a particular antibacterial medication. The medicine should be taken strictly according to the instructions, in dosages determined by the dentist. Even if a positive effect is observed in the early days of therapy, the medication cannot be completed.
In addition, it is recommended to use probiotics in the form of bifidobacteria in parallel to restore the intestinal flora. It is strictly forbidden to take alcoholic beverages during antibiotic treatment and exceed the permissible doses.
Effective combination
The combination of these tools and the main treatment methods in dentistry is an effective way to combat, as well as the prevention of many infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the maxillofacial region. Alternative treatment methods, for example, traditional medicine, which are ineffective in inflammatory diseases of an infectious nature, are inappropriate. Therefore, if antibacterial therapy is necessary, it is recommended to use medical antibacterial agents with a wide spectrum of action, which are very popular in dental practice.
Reviews
Many patients in dental clinics note the positive effect of the use of antibiotics prescribed by specialists in the treatment of some inflammatory processes in the oral cavity. The following drugs have proven themselves well: Sumamed, Linkomycin, and Doxycycline.