Dynamic shades: definition, types and description, features

Two polar states of volume are even embedded in the name of the piano. Forte is loud. The piano is quiet. The term is determined by the technology of this instrument: the hammer strikes the strings, and the performance force due to it can vary. And the levels of its change are dynamic shades. Their types and features are reflected below.

First varieties

Their appearance is associated with different eras of the development of art. With the advent of the first piano, corresponding definitions arose (forte and piano). Later, the number of dynamic shades began to increase.

Each species bears the Italian name and has a letter abbreviation, and a translation into Russian. For example, fortissimo is briefly referred to as ff. And the translation is interpreted - very loudly.

During the Renaissance, there were 6 shades. 3 are already presented above (forte - f, piano - p, fortissimo). The other three are:

1. Mezzo forte. Briefly - mf. The Russian interpretation is not very loud.
2. Pianissimo. The abbreviation is pp. Translated means a very quiet performance.
3. Mezzo piano. The abbreviation is mp. In Russian - not very quiet.

Further development

In the time of romanticism (1790-1910), composers had few existing dynamic shades in music. Therefore, large extensions began: from ppppp to fffff.

Scientists tried to measure shades in physical quantities. The results were only indicative. So, N. A. Garbuzov in the study of the zonal origin of dynamic hearing came to this conclusion: the width of the section of all dynamic shades reaches about 10 dB.

To date, the maximum music range setting is 40 dB. Shade designations show some volume intervals, but not gradual development and decline of dynamics.

Modern relationships

The notation mp, mf, and p introduced allows us to diversify the performance of the work. When a musician sees the presence of the symbol mp in musical notes, he plays a certain passage of the work a little louder. If there is a mf sign, then the game goes quietly. In the presence of "p" - even quieter.

Today, computer technology allows you to record sound using these notations. Each program allows you to customize them. And each name of a dynamic shade in the modern world is usually associated with decibels (dB). Moreover, the analysis takes place in two dimensions:

1. Backgrounds - logarithmic volume parameters. This is a physical study.
2. Sonah - her subjective units. This is the psychological perception of sound.

Extreme levels

Complementing their works with the symbols f and p, composers indicated an increase in the limits of sound power.

These are quite rare cases. Their examples are as follows:

1. The Sixth Symphony by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. In it, the creator involved the musical dynamic shades of pppppp and ffff.
2. The Fourth Symphony by Dmitry Dmitrievich Shostakovich. Fffff is applied here.
3. The Sixth Sonata by Galina Ivanovna Ustvolskaya. The work involves 6 forts (ffffff) and the technique of “expressive”, which speaks of the ultimate expression in the composition.

Smooth changes

They are indicated by three terms:

• forks;
• "Crescendo" (cresc. - gain);
• "Diminuendo" (dim. - decrease).

The third concept has a synonym - “dicrescendo” (decresc.). Forks are indicated by a pair of lines that are connected on one side and diverge from the other. When they diverge from right to left, the volume decreases.

The subsequent component of musical notation indicates a moderate strong start, followed by amplification and weakening. Forks are written under or above the camp. In the second case, they usually do it when recording a vocal part.

As a rule, they indicate short-term dynamic shades. Cresc notation and dim. talk about their longer duration. These signs may be supplemented with the following inscriptions:

• poco (a little);
• poco a poco (little by little);
• subito or sub. (suddenly).

Sforzando concept

This is an unexpected and sharp accent. Its short accepted designations are: sf or sfz. There is also a related definition - rinforzando (rinf or rfz). It works when suddenly several sounds or a short phrase are amplified. In some cases, fp and then sfp may be written in the notepad first. The first means a loud game and immediately quiet. The second testifies to the presence of sforzando and the upcoming piano after it.

Learning shades

The basic theory of music is taught in the elementary grades of any children's music school. Students are taught how to correctly perform works in order to feel the whole line of the whole composition.

For children, dynamic shades in music are presented first in the form of two bases: forte and piano. Pupils use them in special exercises and simple works. According to the degree of accumulation of knowledge, the practical part is increasing and becoming more complicated. Material with different dynamic shades is being worked out.

Teachers recommend that children thoroughly learn the theory. But at first they allow you to use a memo that reflects all the shades and principles of the game in accordance with them. In total, three tables are formed by volume:

• stable;
• with partial and complete change.

Stable Sound:

With changes:

With a complete shift:

In the process of learning, they study how volume and tempo interact. The works of various musical genres are analyzed. Pupils must independently highlight those or other musical dynamic shades in them.

As a rule, each genre has its own specifics. For example, the march has a clear high volume. The romance is smaller, while the pace is slow or medium. Here, often these indicators gradually increase.

A frequent variation of dynamic hues and tempo is found in many classical works, as well as detailed and long-lasting compositions in rock music. Examples:

1. The first part of the Fifth Symphony (L. Beethoven).
2. “Flight of the Valkyries” (Richard Wagner).
3. "Playing with fire" (gr. "Aria").
4. Sign of the cross (Iron Maiden).

In such works, there may be a gradual development of volume and tempo. Then they reach certain limits. The composition may subside and develop again, but in a different way. The execution of such creations requires the highest skill of musicians.