The air cyst of the lungs is pathological in nature - this formation appears due to changes in the functions of some organs. It implies a cavity in the lungs that is filled inside with liquid or air.
Its course can manifest itself in three directions (groups), which are already designated by specialists as separate forms: asymptomatic, pronounced and acute. A cyst can be detected only with the help of an x-ray, and cured by surgery. It is worth learning more about its course and treatment. Indeed, no one is safe from such a problem.
General information
Congenital lung cyst (ICD-10) assigned code Q33.0. This formation is a cavity that is filled with gas or liquid. Unlike an abscess - a similar disease for symptoms and signs - a cyst does not have an infectious nature, since the formation appears as a result of the restructuring of the body. They can appear due to many factors, therefore, it is impossible to isolate those signs that are observed in all patients. But the cavity is easy to see on x-ray, which was prescribed by the doctor after a routine examination.
The cyst of the right lung (as well as the left) can manifest itself in both adults and children. However, among all cases of respiratory system disease, it is no more than 5%. It is interesting that, despite its small percentage, the disease can be fatal, which will be associated with a lack of air.
You can cure a cyst surgically. Nowadays, there are many hospitals that have a sufficient level, which allows you to cure the disease without going to foreign doctors. Medications come in conjunction with surgery.
Classification
Lung cysts are divided into three categories: congenital, acquired, and dysontogenetic. This division is related to the origin of education.
Congenital
As a rule, a congenital cyst is present only in newborns in whom the disease developed in the antenatal period. Therefore, the baby is already born with her.
A cyst of a lung in a child can mean either a light form or a complex one. In the course of a complex form, diseases such as a congenital giant cyst, hypoplasia of the lungs, as well as a third (extra or additional) small lung can appear. All options without surgery will be fatal.
Acquired cyst
An acquired cyst can form both in young people and in the elderly, as it appears as a result of mechanical damage to organs whose functions are associated with the lungs. The result of an acquired cyst may be a “melting lung”, bullous emphysema, tuberculous caverns, and so on.
Dysontogenetic
The dysontogenetic cyst has an inborn character, but differs from the first type in that it does not appear immediately after birth, but after an indefinite period - it can occur both in childhood and in old age.
The essence of this type is that the disease is formed in the womb due to physical, internal or mechanical pathologies, however, at birth, doctors will not be able to notice it, since the formation seems to be hidden from the x-ray by a reliable dense film, which inhibits the spread and enlargement of the cyst all over the lung. However, there comes a period when the film begins to become thin. It is at that moment that the formation becomes visible and develops into a clear disease, which most often has a fatal outcome.
True and false
Based on morphological abilities, specialists usually divide cysts into false or true.
A true cyst differs from a false cyst in that it is always congenital. Its outer shell is represented by connective tissue with elements of the bronchial wall. The inner layer of the true lung cyst is formed by the epithelial lining of the cells of the cubic and cylindrical epithelium producing the mucous secretion, or alveolar epithelium. False cysts are acquired in nature. In their wall there are no structural elements of the bronchi and mucous membrane.
Other categories
In addition, there are several more categories by which it is customary to distinguish the types of cysts:
- For the number of cavities: single, multiple.
- For a message with the bronchi: open, closed.
- Behind the look of the contents: air filled.
- Size: small, medium, large.
- Over the course of the disease: complicated, uncomplicated.
Reasons for education
Many people think that a cyst can form from the fact that a person smokes or leads an incorrect lifestyle. This is not always true - the real reason is not at all related to a person’s lifestyle.
Congenital and dysontogenetic cysts appear even during embryonic development (inside the mother). This is due to the fact that intrauterine disorders occurred during organ formation, which included agenesis of the alveoli, expansion of terminal bronchioles, or delayed formation of peripheral bronchi. Pulmonary cysts can be a structural component of such congenital anomalies as cystic hypoplasia, congenital lobar emphysema, Macleod's syndrome, and several others.
Acquired cysts are more likely to be congenital, as it forms on the background or after serious illnesses. So, depending on the ailment, formations can be parasitic, infectious or nonspecific (for example, post-traumatic, post-inflammatory) in nature. Such conditions are most often triggered by serious diseases. So, cysts of parasitic and infectious genesis are formed after tuberculosis, syphilis, echinococcosis and other diseases of a similar nature. A non-specific cyst develops as a result of inflammatory and destructive processes. It can be various pneumonia, any injuries, an abscess or bacterial destruction of the lung, and so on.
Symptoms
Most often, doctors can not notice the cyst due to the fact that it is too small or uncomplicated. This means that it does not have any symptoms and develops without affecting other organs.
If we talk about large cysts, then they almost always have a complicated character. It is then that the first symptoms appear, thanks to which the doctor prescribes an x-ray and detects a pathology in the lungs. This is due to the fact that with an increase in size, the cyst begins to put pressure on neighboring alveoli or bronchi (if it is open), as a result of which clinical signs appear. For example, pain, cough, shortness of breath, or even dysphagia. It is clearly possible to recognize the nature of the lung cyst in CT.
If we talk about why the cyst begins to increase, then this happens under the influence of another disease. For example, pneumonia. As a rule, the formation can increase even from simple flu, since it is associated with the lungs (cough), and under the influence of air and an increase or decrease in the lung, the cavity stretches and leaves its shape without returning it back.
As the pathological process proceeds, the cyst can begin to fester. Then a person can be poisoned internally due to intoxication, which will come from the lungs. As a rule, this will be seen by constant fatigue, anorexia may appear. But usually people do not pay attention to this, especially women - they associate fatigue with work, and they are even happy about weight loss (which woman will be sad from such an event). Therefore, a cyst of this nature is detected in the last stage, when purulent mucus and even blood begin to come out with a cough. Here it is already important not to confuse it with tuberculosis, but for this you need to see a doctor.
There are situations when a cyst overflowing with pus bursts and, together with a cough, all the pus comes out, which has accumulated. In this case, it is no longer accompanied by mucus and most often has a nasty smell. In this case, the sick person begins to rejoice in this, as the state of the body improves, pass fatigue, returns weight, and so on. But this situation negatively affects the whole body, because as a result of a breakthrough and the entry of pus into the lungs, serious diseases, for example diffuse pneumofibrosis, can form. As a rule, it has a relapsing character, like all other diseases that may appear after a breakthrough of education.
If, after rupture of the cavity, pus very quickly filled the lungs and the person did not have time to cough up it in time, diseases such as pneumothorax, pleurisy or pyothorax, and pleural empyema may appear. In this case, a person will feel chest pain (aching or constant), shortness of breath, coughing, and tachycardia may develop.
Treatment of cysts in the lungs
All types of cysts are removed from the body only by surgery. But this does not mean that you can wait until it grows into a complicated stage. The smaller the neoplasm, the easier the removal will occur. If a person waited for the acute stage, then the operation of the lung cyst will be urgent, because at any moment a fatal outcome may occur due to lack of air, breakthrough of the cyst (rapid outflow of pus) and so on.
The operation itself can be carried out by two methods: using video thoracoscopy or by conventional thoracotomy. But recently, people, fortunately, have not brought their situation to an acute stage, and doctors only use lobectomy.
If the cavity is completely clogged with pus, then the cyst is cleaned before surgery. But if a person has pneumothorax in parallel, then the cavity is drained urgently, after which the patient undergoes a course of therapy with antibiotics. If, with complications, the cyst tightens (increases), then urgent drainage and puncture using ultrasound, as this can lead to respiratory failure, and subsequently to death.
In any case, an uncomplicated cyst is easily removed from the body. An operation with a complicated formation will completely depend on exactly what complication is present in the body and how long it has passed after the onset of cyst enlargement. It also depends on whether the emergency operation will take place, with drainage or simple, planned.
An important role in the treatment of cysts is played by drug therapy. Antibiotics (carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins) are administered both intravenously and endobronchially (for example, during rehabilitation bronchoscopy), and even intrapleurally (for example, during medical punctures or flow-lavage drainage of the pleural cavity). Immunomodulating therapy involves the introduction of gamma globulins, hyperimmune plasma, immunomodulators, etc. Also, do not forget about physiotherapy.
Fatal outcome
If an operation to remove a lung cyst was performed in the acute stage, then there is a chance that a person will die from heart failure, bleeding, or even after surgery. All this will depend, first of all, on how much the cyst has developed, and on how strong the body is. Fatal illness ends in only five to ten percent of all cases.
Rehabilitation
If we talk about rehabilitation after treatment of a lung cyst, then in any case, the patient will undergo a course of recovery. After a complicated cyst, antibiotics will be prescribed and the person will be left in the hospital for a long time to observe how the area of the lungs where the cavity was healing heals. Also, after this type of cyst, the patient will have to do an examination with a pulmonologist every year - this will help prevent the development and formation of many diseases, primarily associated with the lungs. In many cases, a person will need to draw up a disability and receive regular treatment.
The operated patient should lead a healthy lifestyle: give up bad habits, eat right, exercise, exercise more often in the fresh air, get enough sleep.