Too many parents during the period when the kids mastered human speech had to deal with the fuzzy pronunciation of some sounds. As they grow older, some children have been able to overcome this barrier without problems. That is, they learned to speak cleanly and clearly. But some could not overcome this barrier by the age of 7-8. And if this speech impairment in 5-6 years old has about 53% of babies, then in primary school children it occurs in about 20%. Why do children cope with such a problem so differently? How to fix burr? We will try to figure this out later in the article.
Children's burr - reasons
No one is surprised when, starting to speak, the baby distorts the words and pronounces sounds incorrectly. On the contrary, it touches adults and listening to such slurred babble is a great joy for parents. However, when the school age approaches, it is no longer pleasing, but it begins to seriously disturb. What kind of speech disturbance is this that some overcome easily and simply, while others have to deal with a specialist for a long time? To characterize this phenomenon in speech therapy, there are a number of medical terms that we will consider.
In children 2-3 years old, a polymorphic violation of sound pronunciation is the most common phenomenon and, as a rule, it is temporary. Typically, such violations of speech functions are caused by an insufficiently formed speech hearing or articulatory apparatus. These shortcomings can be corrected by themselves if special methods are used in the kindergarten for the development of children's speech, and parents and other household members, when communicating with the baby and with each other, demonstrate correct, clear speech to him. This contributes to the formation of the correct model for reproducing sounds and building them into words and sentences.
Almost from birth, the child is in an environment where all words are pronounced clearly and distinctly, and this helps him to develop speech-motor and speech-hearing analyzers, learn the phonetic system without effort, and master the technique of speech. In fact, a polymorphic violation of sound pronunciation is basically a shortcoming of adults in timely teaching the child the art of speaking correctly, which manifests itself in the parents' irresponsible attitude to this important issue.
When adults, trying to speak with the baby in a language that they understand, begin to lisp and distort the sounds, then the child has nowhere to take the correct model, and he tunes in to what he hears. And this leads to pathological violations in the pronunciation of sounds. The constant incorrect pronunciation of sounds leads to persistent impairment of the child’s verbal hearing, his articulatory apparatus and neurodynamic disorder. All these signs lead to the fact that the child develops functional dyslalia.
Other causes of dyslalia
It arises not only due to improper upbringing, but can also be caused by other reasons. These include:
- The craving of a child to imitate the speech of others.
- Bilingualism in the family, when a child transfers from one language to another the peculiarities of the pronunciation of certain sounds.
- Frequent communication with younger children who have not formed speech functions.
- Too hasty and slurred communication of adults in the family.
- Underdevelopment of phonemic hearing.
- Low mobility of the tongue, lips, jaw.
Mechanical appearance: causes of such dyslalia
However, polymorphic impairment of sound pronunciation is not only the result of a careless attitude of adults to the development of a child’s speech. Often the cause of burr is purely physiological reasons - the incorrect structure of the speech apparatus. This phenomenon is called mechanical dyslalia. The causes of its occurrence are organic defects of the peripheral speech apparatus, due to the characteristics of the musculoskeletal structure, namely:
- shortened hyoid ligament, the so-called bridle;
- abnormalities in the dentofacial system - protruding jaw, open and lateral bite, large gaps between the teeth, etc .;
- specific structure of the sky;
- too thick and inactive lips;
- abnormal size of the tongue.
These types of dyslalia do not allow you to independently cope with the problem. Processes are too neglected to dispense with qualified specialists. And if there is mechanical dyslalia, then the services of not only speech therapists, but also dentists may be required. Such violations of speech functions require the immediate joint assistance of narrow specialists, speech therapists, parents and childcare facilities - a kindergarten or school. Their successful interaction will determine how comfortable and easy the child will feel, not only at school, but also in life.
Consider some aspects of polymorphic disturbances in sound pronunciation. In addition, we describe possible ways to correct speech defects.
Types of dyslalia and features of manifestation
Dislalia is one of the most common problems in children of preschool and primary school age. A polymorphic violation of sound pronunciation is a type of dyslalia or burr, which manifests itself in a disorder in the pronunciation of children of several sound groups. Today, this violation shows a persistent tendency to polymorphism and even leads to violations in the letter.
The following types of disturbances in sound pronunciation are observed:
- mechanical form - a congenital defect in the articulation apparatus;
- functional - the absence of pathology, occurs due to improper attitude of adults to the child;
- physiological - normal up to 5 years;
- monomorphic - affects a number of sounds - up to 4 from one group, for example, whistling;
- polymorphic - when more than four sounds are pronounced incorrectly and even from different groups;
- dyslalia - pathological manifestations of the active and passive speech apparatus. It includes articular-phonemic, acoustic-phonemic and articular-phonemic pathologies.
Sigmatism
Most often, sigmatism occurs - non-pronunciation of hissing and whistling sounds. Lambdaism and pralambraism - problems with the pronunciation of the sounds “l” and “eh”, rotacism - the pronunciation of the sound “r” is violated. Occasionally, a defect occurs in the pronunciation of “k, kb”, “g, gb”, “x, xb” or the replacement of consonants - voiced to deaf and vice versa. If there are difficulties with the reproduction of the sounds “I, Yu” - jotacism. Correction of such disorders will require correction of dyslalia.
Symptoms of dyslalia are various defects in the reproduction of complex sounds - distortion, omissions, replacement, mixing. A gap is when a sound completely drops out of a word. Distortion is the wrong mechanics of articulation organs. The monomorphic and polymorphic form of this symptom was mentioned above. Features of functional and mechanical dyslalia were also considered earlier.
Diagnosis of ailment
Diagnosis is based on the clinical manifestations of patients, an additional study involving narrow specialists, including an otolaryngologist and a psychologist. In most cases, dyslalia is treated without the use of medications, by involving only an experienced speech therapist. What are the treatments? How to fix burr in a child? About it further.
Age norms
According to existing methods for the development of correct speech in children, work on the correction of diction defects begins with a basic sound, and all sounds that cannot be reproduced are not worked out simultaneously. In case of violations of the articulation of several groups, the first one is worked out, which should be adjusted earlier according to its age norms.
For the age of 1-2 years, the difficulty with the pronunciation of a, o, e, p, b, m corresponds. At the age of 2-3 years, the correction is subject to, and, s, f, y, d, t, c, n, g, k, x, y. At 3-4 years old, s, c, s are problematic. From 4 to 5 years, the sizzling - w, w, h, n.
And only at 5-6 years does the norm of correction of l, p. So before pronouncing p, the child should already be able to pronounce almost all sounds.
Adjustment Stages
The basic sounds are considered “c” for whistling, “w” for hissing, “k” for rear-lingual. Correction of dislocation is built in accordance with the stages of the work:
- preparatory;
- formative primary pronunciation skills;
- formative communication skills.
And the correction is carried out in four stages:
- Preparatory.
- Staged.
- The stage of automation of the phoneme is first in syllables, then in stages by words, phrases, individual sentences and speech.
- Stage of differentiation of mixed and replaced sounds.
How often should classes be held?
In order for the correction to be successful, you will need to engage with a speech therapist at least twice a week. In this case, the parents should connect to the process and, through regular repetitions of the speech therapist’s tasks, consolidate the studied material at home.
You can feel a tangible result only after two or three months of intensive training. Yes, and it will be different for different children, and it will depend on the age of the baby, the structure of his defect, the number of unpronounceable sounds, the intensity of classes, the activity of parents and the qualifications of a specialist. This is how many factors affect the quality of assimilation of the material.
Preparatory stage and staging
At the preparatory stage, the child's articulation apparatus is preparing for the perception of the form and its reproduction. All work will be aimed at working out the correct speech breathing, developing good phonemic hearing, setting up the correct articulation of the speech apparatus, developing fine motor skills of the hands and practicing supporting sounds.
During this period, the child learns a complex of simple articulation exercises, trains his lips, tongue, cheeks, soft palate, position of the lower jaw. Next, special exercises for controlling the air stream are added. Along the way, the child develops memory, quality of perception, attention, sharpness of thinking, as well as motor skills - small and general.
Staging - combines all the speech skills achieved in the preparatory period. At this time, the child learns to simultaneously use articulation directed by the air stream and voice. For this, a method of imitation and a mechanical one is used, with the help of which a speech therapist teaches the baby how to pronounce this or that sound correctly.
Automation and differentiation
Automation allows you to bring the child's skill to automatism. The problem sound is first worked out in open syllables along with vowels:
Then in closed syllables:
Then, according to the technique, a complex sound is repeated surrounded by vowels:
Then the turn comes to learn to pronounce two consonants, standing next to:
The next step in achieving automatism is pronouncing sound at the beginning of a word, its middle and at the end. Each of the exercises is repeated at least five times so that the speech organs are accustomed to automatically act correctly when pronouncing any of the sounds - this is a lesson with a speech therapist, but at home all this must be repeated until the next lesson.
First, the sound with which work is being carried out is highlighted in a voice, later it is no longer distinguished and pronounced in the same key. After fixing the material, you can go on to poetry and prose, and also actively use it in ordinary speech.
Differentiation teaches the baby to distinguish mixed sounds and pronounce them correctly. With this method, classes occur sequentially. Sounds first learn to distinguish in isolation, then as part of syllables, words, phrases and sentences.
Using tongue twisters to correct speech defects
Very effective tongue twisters for the development of speech for children. These small comic texts allow you to learn how to control the speech apparatus for the correct pronunciation of sounds. There are a huge number of them and you can pick up for the child something that is not very complex, but effective. Here are some of the simplest tongue twisters that will help the baby in mastering the secrets of diction:
- Have you washed raspberries? Washed, but not washed.
- Three magpies chattering on a hill.
- Valerik was eating a dumpling, and Valyushka was a cheesecake.
- The hedgehog lies by the Christmas tree, the hedgehog has needles.
- Six mice rustle in the reeds.
Classes can be done in a playful way - let the child rhythmically toss and drop a ball or clap his hands in each word.
Conclusion
The main goal of the article is for adults to understand what a pathological violation of sound pronunciation is, and also that this developmental disruption requires the intervention and help of parents. The success of the child’s adaptation in society will depend on the timeliness of the measures taken.