As you can conclude, by studying the rules established by SanPiN in the Russian Federation, the prevention of parasitic diseases, treatment and diagnosis of such health problems is a very important topic for modern medicine. There are many pathogens that provoke parasitoses. There are no fewer drugs, approaches, and methods of combating pathologies. There are several ways to clarify the diagnosis. Let's try to understand in general terms what parasitoses are and how they are dangerous.
general information
It is not surprising that in our country even a separate document was published on parasitic diseases - SanPiN. Of course, not all of it is devoted to just such a problem, but separate chapters have been introduced so that various enterprises organize their activities in such a way as to minimize the risk of the spread of diseases. Why is this so important? As scientists calculated, there are about one and a half thousand diseases that are dangerous for humans and animals, and of this total number of infectious pathologies, parasitoses account for almost a quarter - about four hundred varieties.
36 parasite-provoked diseases are widespread in our country. In the official statistics of the Ministry responsible for public health, attention is paid to 13 species. According to some scientists, the total number of people suffering from such diseases in the country is more than two tens of millions. Gradually, the number of patients only increases, despite attempts to educate the population on hygiene. The introduction of new laws aimed at preventing diseases and reducing the prevalence rate does not help either.
a common problem
At the moment, it is not possible to eliminate the problems associated with the development of infectious and parasitic diseases of animals and humans: often people become infected from pets. Helminths first parasitize in the animalās body, only after that they move into the human body. There is a danger of getting sick if the food uses thermally unprocessed or poorly processed pork, beef meat, fish. There are frequent cases of the transfer of a pathological agent from cats and dogs. You can get infected from a wild animal through plant food and water into which the parasite larvae have penetrated.
Of particular danger are pets, which are very common toxocaras. This type of microscopic pest initiates visceral toxocariasis. Relatively often, the disease is diagnosed in children. The main manifestation is eye pathologies, allergies, bronchial asthma. Irreparable damage to brain tissue is possible. The problem of the prevention of parasitic disease on the territory of the Russian Federation lies in the features of our usual way of life. Children, especially small ones, often play in sandboxes infected with toxocara eggs. As doctors pay attention, pollution of the environment in which a person lives is equally dangerous for people of all age groups.
About statistics
Only official cases of toxocariasis, registered by the doctors of our country, over the past few decades have become more than a hundred times. The rules dedicated to the prevention of parasitic diseases in SanPiN are formulated to some extent to control the situation, although so far there is no way for a truly effective change in the situation for the better. The fact is that the epidemiological situation is worsened by wild dogs living in almost any locality, especially a large one. It is known that more than a million animals live in the capital like this, generating hundreds of tons of infected feces. As studies of veterinary services show, among wild dogs, toxocaras are observed in more than half. About 40% of all soil samples show infection with eggs of the parasite. This is also characteristic of the territory of gaming, childrenās zones, house sections in residential quarters.
Risks and Dangers
Toxocara is such a causative agent of a parasitic disease that may not be present in the body of a domestic dog, and still the animal will become a source of human infection. An individual can bring a larva from the street on its paws. Penetration into the human body, especially children, becomes a matter of time.
Recently, the number of dogs in large cities has been increasing dramatically. Doctors believe that this forces to consider toxocariasis as one of the key hygiene problems. It is important from the point of view of ecology, soil cleaning. More effective than today, measures are required to protect the soil from a dangerous pathogen. Today, toxocariasis is rightfully one of the most dangerous helminthiases for society. The risk for urban residents is very, very high.
Problems: toxocara is not the only one
As can be learned from publications devoted to the problem of parasitic diseases, it is somewhat less common than toxocaras, but nevertheless bailisaskaris eggs are very common in the environment. This pathological agent usually lives in the raccoon's body; it provokes a severe disease in humans, which is very likely to lead to death. If people feed wild raccoons, the probability of getting infected becomes especially high.
Cases of cystic echinococcosis are frequent. Relatively common are patients with alveococcosis. These diseases are considered very dangerous, severe. The parasite enters the human body in contact with dogs. If the case is especially severe, even the patientās operation does not allow a cure. In this case, chemotherapy is indicated for many years - often until the end of life. The forecast is almost always unfavorable.
Features of the course
Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease provoked by microorganisms belonging to the cystode class. Eggs are laid by canine individuals - they are the final owners of the helminth. In the environment, the egg gets rid of the shell, becoming the oncosphere. If a person swallows such a formation, the sphere seeps through the intestinal walls into the circulatory system and spreads through the internal systems. There is a risk of damage to the pulmonary system and brain. Kidneys, liver may be affected. By choosing the appropriate location, the oncosphere transforms into a larvocyst.
Alveococcosis provokes contact with the final host of the parasite. Coprophagy is the main way the helminth spreads. There is a chance of transmission of the infection aerogenically, through contact, through hands and water, food contaminated with tapeworm eggs. Among the transmission factors, grass and air, food, insects are distinguished.
The nuances of the spread and flow
Studying the epidemiology of parasitic disease, scientists found that there are certain risk groups - people who get sick more often, as well as people whose disease is more severe. Risk factors are determined by the personās activities, their social status, and economic activity. Risks are caused by animal husbandry, eating berries, vegetables infected with the parasite. Sheep farming is another danger factor.
A predisposition to the development of parasitic disease is observed in men with a second blood group. Their disease often affects the lungs and liver. Larvocists have a local, systemic effect on the body. Immunity is suppressed, a sensitization reaction develops, metabolism is disturbed. Sometimes you can see allergic responses of an immediate form, there is a likelihood of systemic amyloidosis, fibrosis. Damage to the lymphatic, cardiac, and vascular systems is possible. Inflammatory foci lead to necrotic processes in areas near larvocysts.
About manifestations
The symptomatology of the case depends on the variety of pathogen that has entered the body. You can suspect a parasitic disease if a person quickly gets tired, often feels malaise and weakness. Allergic reactions are inherent in the patient, often a skin rash occurs, appetite worsens. With some helminths, appetite may be activated. In any of the options, weight is reduced. In addition, infection with parasites manifests itself as a violation of the stool, vomiting and nausea. The stomach can hurt. By studying feces, fragments of parasites or whole individuals can be detected.
With some types of invasion, the patient is concerned about itching near the anus. Sleep is disturbed. Tests show a decrease in hemoglobin concentration in the blood. Perhaps a decrease in the number of red blood cells. There are relatively rare forms of parasites that do not nest in the digestive tract. These lead to symptoms due to the area of āāinvasion. So, if the parasite lives in the liver, the patient feels nausea and pain on the right under the ribs, a change in the shade of the skin to yellowish.
Varieties and Causes
For the prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases to be effective, you need to know what types of diseases are. Helminthiasis is divided into luminal, hepatobiliary, tissue, pulmonary. There are ophthalmic helminthiases. Filariasis belongs to this group. Most often in medical practice, pinworms, roundworms, whipworms are found. Cases of giardiasis are frequent.
Eggs, larvae can penetrate the human body with food, fruits, vegetables, poorly washed, containing soil inclusions. Certain risks are associated with poorly washed dishes and insufficient hand hygiene. Accordingly, the main preventive measure is the perfect compliance with hygiene requirements and rules.
Pinworms and Giardia
Pinworms can be infected by swallowing a parasite egg. It may be in the hands of man. Often the eggs of this agent are detected under the nails. The main measure for the prevention of parasitic disease is thorough personal hygiene. A person who suffers from such an invasion releases parasite eggs into the environment. They can apply to household items, clothes and bedding, household items. If a healthy person touches such products, the hands become infected with eggs, which can then enter.
In order for prophylaxis of parasitic disease caused by giardia to be effective, you need to know the mechanism of infection with this pathological agent. Mostly the pathway is oral-fecal. A person infected with this infection secretes eggs on certain days - when a lot of them accumulate in the body. As studies have shown, up to two million copies can be allocated per day.
Status Update
Diagnosis of parasitic diseases involves several successive stages. First, the doctor clarifies the complaints, studies the medical history, then directs the patient to laboratory tests. Take stool samples to determine the eggs. A small amount of blood is obtained for ELISA. This study helps to identify helminth antibodies, such protein elements of the immune system that can identify and eliminate the causative agent of the disease.
To clarify the condition, an X-ray examination of the intestinal tract is indicated. If many pathogens have accumulated in the gaps, they can be seen in the picture. Scraping is necessary to determine enterobiosis. The smear is examined under a microscope. The diagnosis is confirmed if eggs are found. Worms are sometimes observed in feces. In some cases, an examination with an infectious disease specialist is additionally prescribed.
What to do?
The treatment of parasitic diseases is practiced only under the supervision of a professional. The doctor prescribes medicines. A multicomponent therapeutic course is prescribed, which allows you to get rid of the invasion and eliminate the effects of infection. Sometimes an operation is needed. The patient is shown antihistamines, probiotics, enterosorbents. If anemia is established, folic acid, preparations containing iron, vitamins are prescribed. The choice in favor of a particular pharmaceutical product is based on the type of anemia.
With biliary dyskinesia, drugs are needed that stimulate the outflow of this substance, stabilize the tone of the duct walls. Usually, enzyme medications are additionally prescribed to improve the digestive tract. Reduce the intake of flour and sweets with food, reduce the amount of carbohydrates. The therapeutic course is shown not only to the patient, but also to all his relatives living with him in the same house, since there is a risk of an infection center. It is very important to be responsible for hygiene. It is advisable to boil the laundry and iron thoroughly the entire treatment period. It is equally important to make a habit of regularly diligently washing hands with soap. It is advisable to trim long nails.
Is it possible to exclude?
Prevention of parasitic diseases is a rather simple and at the same time extremely difficult task. To exclude such pathologies, it is necessary to observe hygiene measures with utmost responsibility. In the general case, this is enough, but for many they are given with difficulty. It is important to thoroughly wash food, hands. Especially thoroughly monitor young children. It is necessary to remember the danger posed by animals, and if possible exclude contact with any representatives of the animal world.