Of the dangerous conditions affecting the respiratory system, bronchial obstructive syndrome deserves special attention. The pathology of biofeedback, as statistics show, has recently been encountered with a greater frequency than before. The phenomenon is complex, includes a number of special manifestations due to a decrease in bronchial lumens. The etiology of such processes can vary significantly from case to case.
General view
If the diagnosis of bronchial obstructive syndrome is formulated, you will have to responsibly treat the disease. In this condition, the pressure necessary for exhalation rises significantly inside the thoracic sections of the respiratory system, and this leads to a negative effect on the large bronchi, provoking vibration. Exhaling, a person makes a whistling sound, according to which you can suspect a disease and consult a doctor.
If the diagnosis is formulated accurately, you will have to clearly follow the medical recommendations. The bronchial obstructive syndrome manifests itself quite clearly in the clinical picture, the exhalation becomes longer, the patient suffers from suffocation at times, and a cough is often disturbing, which does not bring significant relief. During a visual examination, the doctor notes that auxiliary muscles are actively involved in the act of breathing. If the obstruction develops, over time, the respiratory rate increases, which leads to noticeable fatigue of the muscles responsible for the operation of this system. At the same time, partial blood oxygen pressure decreases. Such a condition sooner or later leads to serious consequences if timely therapeutic measures are not taken.
Risk group
As can be seen from medical statistics, the incidence of bronchial obstructive syndrome in children is significantly higher. Clinical recommendations for alleviating the condition of the child can be given only by a doctor at the reception. The doctor prescribes specialized examinations, on the basis of which he formulates an opinion on a particular case. It is known that with a greater probability the problem is characteristic of three-year-old babies and children of even younger age. In some cases, the doctor decides not to mention the biofeedback when formulating the final diagnosis. Such cases are not analyzed in the statistical distribution.
Often, help is needed for bronchial obstructive syndrome if the child has suffered an infection of the respiratory system that affects the lower pathways. Estimates of how high the chance of developing biofeedback differ significantly. Some experts talk about risk within five percent, while others mention 40%. Increased likelihood of encountering biofeedback if there are allergies among close relatives. For such a group, biofeedback is automatically estimated at 40% and higher. Also at risk are babies suffering from an infection of the respiratory system six times a year or more.
About statistics
As specific studies have shown, bronchial obstructive syndrome in children, whose age is from three months to three years, who have had an infection of the lower respiratory tract, occurs in 34%. With a greater likelihood, the disease develops if the baby suffered bronchitis, but pneumonia provokes BF in a smaller percentage of cases. Only a little less than half of all hospitalized juvenile patients in the future will face a recurrence of the situation. On average, these patients are one year old or older.
Danger!
Most often, bronchial obstructive syndrome is diagnosed in children against the background of cell hyperplasia (glandular), due to the age of the small width of the paths for air passage. It is known that in young patients sputum is produced more often viscous, which also affects the likelihood of biofeedback, develops with weak local immunity. A significant role is played by specific individual structural features of the body, in particular, the diaphragm.
There is a higher risk of bronchial obstructive syndrome in children whose immediate relatives suffer from allergic reactions, as well as in babies with rickets. BFB is possible if there is abnormal development of the thymus (hyperplasia, malnutrition). Higher risk if genetic factors determine the likelihood of atopy. BOS threatens with a pathological condition of the central nervous system due to the period of gestation. More often, the syndrome develops in children, early transferred to artificial nutrition.
Attention to all factors
The pathogenesis of bronchial obstructive syndrome is associated with environmental conditions. Special analytics have shown that biofeedback is more likely to occur in children whose loved ones abuse tobacco. Passive smoking is considered a risk factor for the development of numerous diseases of the respiratory system, including BF. Equally important is the ecology of the area where the child lives - the worse the situation, the greater the risk of obstructive processes.
Mutual influence
The development of bronchial obstructive syndrome in the form of an inflammatory chronic process associated with an allergic reaction allows us to diagnose bronchial asthma. Pathology is formed under the complex influence of environmental factors and individual characteristics of the patient. Among congenital, it is customary to include heredity, atopy, and increased reactivity of the respiratory tract. These features for modern doctors in their bulk are not amenable to control.
Environmental features that provoke bronchial obstructive syndrome are diverse, numerous, and in their bulk can be corrected and controlled. It is under their influence that asthma manifests itself, and an aggravation is observed. The most striking effect is from allergens, so it is important to limit the child's space from the influence of negative compounds. An acute form of biofeedback can be caused by viruses, infection by pathological bacteria. The presence of smoking people in the daily environment of the child plays an important role, as well as an early transition to artificial nutrition.
Where did the trouble come from?
In order to formulate adequate recommendations for bronchial obstructive syndrome in children, it is necessary to understand why the pathological condition has developed. Modern medicine has accumulated a lot of information about the etiogenesis of the problem. In one-year-old babies and earlier, as frequent causes, it is worth noting the aspiration associated with an improper swallowing reaction, as well as violations caused by abnormalities in the development of the nasopharynx (a factor often congenital). Sometimes biofeedback provokes a fistula of the trachea, bronchi, some forms of reflux, malformations of the respiratory tract, distress syndrome. The cause of biofeedback can be a lack of immunity, infection during the period of the mother carrying the fetus, dysplasia of the bronchi, lungs. The factors provoking the disease include cystic fibrosis.
In the second or third year of life, bronchial obstructive syndrome can be observed against a background of asthma, helminth migration, aspiration of some object, bronchiolitis. Diseases affecting the respiratory organs - genetically determined, congenital, can provoke the condition. There is a high probability of biofeedback in heart defects that provoke pulmonary hypertension.
Recommendations for bronchial obstructive syndrome for three-year-olds and older children are based on the cause of the problem at that age. More often, the disease is caused by asthma, malformations of the respiratory system. Other diseases caused by a hereditary factor, congenital, can play their role.
Why is this happening?
BFB provokes reversible, irreversible mechanisms. Among the first are infection, edema, increased mucus production. Irreversible - this is bronchial obliteration, stenosis from birth.
Quite often, doctors are forced to give recommendations for bronchial obstructive syndrome provoked by inflammatory processes. The problem is often caused by infection, allergies, poisoning of the body, but neurogenic, physical aspects are possible. Interleukin, produced by phagocytes, macrophages under the influence of peculiar factors (not always infectious in nature), acts as the main mediator. Under the influence of a mediator, an immunity reaction begins, stimulating the production of serotonin, histamine. Additionally, eicosanoids are produced, that is, the second type of mediators, characteristic of inflammation at an early stage.
What to do?
Emergency care for bronchial obstructive syndrome depends on the particular situation. Parents should be the first to assist the patient. Quite often, biofeedback is observed suddenly, while the child is usually healthy, but suddenly an asphyxia attack begins. This is possible when playing, absorbing food, due to the penetration of a foreign body into the respiratory tract. The task of the parents is to contact an ambulance and try to extract the object with which the baby choked.
The primary treatment of bronchial obstructive syndrome in respiratory disease is completely within the purview of qualified doctors. If asthma attacks are observed at elevated temperature, nasal congestion, symptoms of general poisoning of the body, if the child is continuously coughing, it is important to call an ambulance in time, having already described all the signs of the condition by phone. As a rule, biofeedback appears unexpectedly, and in most cases is explained by a sudden increase in infection. If there is no way to urgently call a doctor, you need to personally take the baby to the infectious diseases department of the hospital, where the patient is placed in the intensive care unit, constantly monitoring vital signs.
What else is possible?
Sometimes manifestations of BF are observed with coughing - attacks, obsessive, asphyxiating. In such a situation, nasal congestion and nasal compartments, the temperature should be checked. If the parameter is normal or slightly above average, while the baby has asthma, it makes sense to assume an asthmatic attack. In such a situation, the treatment of bronchial obstructive syndrome consists in the application of classical methods recommended by the doctor to relieve an asthmatic attack. If the cough from the dry does not persistently become wet, the sputum does not separate, it is not possible to independently remove the manifestations of spasm, an ambulance should be called. Arriving at the site, doctors will inject specialized drugs to relieve pain syndrome. Hospitalization is usually not required.
A special approach to the treatment of bronchial obstructive syndrome is necessary if the exacerbation of asthma lasts several days and does not stop with available home remedies. In this case, the patient is sent to a somatic hospital, placed in an intensive care unit.
What does the doctor do?
Arriving at the call, an ambulance specialist interviews adults, which was accompanied by the attack. If asphyxia is observed, the condition is serious, while the baby is usually healthy, the best measure is intubation, artificial ventilation of the respiratory system. In this embodiment, alleviating the condition of the child is possible only in a hospital setting, so the baby is sent to the intensive care unit.
In the absence of asphyxiation, a foreign body in the respiratory system, adequate therapy is possible only with an accurate diagnosis of bronchial obstructive syndrome, namely, the triggering factor. A particularly difficult situation develops if there is no history of asthma. The task of an ambulance specialist is to understand what caused the attack. Usually this is either the effect of an allergen or infection of the body. Having formulated the initial diagnosis, a measure of help is chosen. If an allergy is defined, measures are similar to first aid to asthmatics; when infected, the strategy is different. However, as can be seen from medical practice, these two conditions are very similar to each other, which leads to frequent medical errors with serious consequences for the patient.
Biofeedback and other pathologies
As can be seen from the information accumulated during the observation of such cases, biofeedback often accompanies a number of diseases, mainly the respiratory system. Inflammatory processes, infection, asthma have already been mentioned above, but this list is far from complete, in total there are about a hundred names. In addition to allergies, dysplasia, congenital malformations, it is worth noting tuberculosis. There is a likelihood of the syndrome with tumor processes that interfere with the functioning of the bronchi and trachea. There is a likelihood of observing the phenomenon in some diseases of the intestine, stomach, including malformations, fistulas, hernia, reflux.
Differential diagnosis of bronchial obstructive syndrome should take into account the possible connection of the phenomenon with diseases of blood vessels, heart, including malformations, carditis, abnormalities of blood vessels (large ones are especially important). CNS diseases can affect, including: paralysis, brain injury, myopathy, epilepsy. There is a likelihood of biofeedback in hysteria, polio, and some other pathologies. The hereditary factor, diseases close to rickets, insufficiency of production of alpha-one-antitrypsin, Kartagener’s disease, insufficiency of the immune system play a role. Sometimes biofeedback is diagnosed against the background of trauma, chemical, physical factors, intoxication, airway compression by external factors.
Features of the forms
There is a sharp, protracted BF. The first case is diagnosed if the symptoms are observed for ten days and a longer time period. Possible relapses, continuous relapses. The latter is characteristic of individuals with dysplasia of the bronchi, lungs, bronchiolitis.
Depending on the severity of the condition, mild cases, moderate, severe, hidden, are distinguished. To be assigned to a specific group, it is necessary to analyze how pronounced wheezing, shortness of breath, whether cyanosis is observed, to what extent additional muscle tissue is involved in the act of breathing. The doctor takes blood for gas analysis, evaluates external respiration. Take into account that with any form the patient coughs.
Forms and specific differences
With a mild form, the patient breathes with wheezing, at rest, cyanosis and shortness of breath do not bother; he gives parameters close to normal in a blood test. FVD - about 80% relative to the average. The patient's health is normal. The next step is dyspnea at rest, cyanosis, covering the triangle of the nose, lips. The compliant parts of the chest are retracted, and the whistle when breathing is quite loud, audible in the distance. FVD is estimated at 60-80% relative to normal, blood quality is changing.
A severe form is accompanied by seizures, during which the patient's well-being worsens. Breathing is noisy, difficult, additional muscle tissue is involved. Cyanosis is pronounced, blood counts deviate from the norm, HPF is estimated at 60% or less relative to the standard. Hidden flow is a specific form of biofeedback, in which there are no signs of a clinical picture, but FVD allows us to formulate the correct conclusion.
We formulate a conclusion
To make a diagnosis accurately, a full-fledged clinical examination with a history should be performed. Organize a functional study, a physical one. The practice of using spirography, pneumotachometry is widespread. Such approaches are more relevant if the patient is already five years old or the patient is older. At a young age, patients can not cope with forced expiration. Gathering information about the patient's condition involves analyzing the family history of the disease, including clarifying cases of atopy. It is necessary to clarify what diseases the child was sick before, whether there were relapses of obstruction.
If the biofeedback is determined against the background of a cold, it proceeds in a mild form, a special research methodology is not required. In relapses, blood samples should be taken for analysis, serological testing should be carried out, including the determination of the presence of helminths. The patient needs to be examined by an allergist. Often, specialized studies bring benefits: PCR, bacteriological. Apply the technology of bronchoscopy, sputum extraction from the lower parts of the respiratory system, and also take smears for the analysis of flora. In some cases, it is recommended to take an x-ray. The procedure is not mandatory, but reasonable if the doctor suggests complications, pneumonia, a foreign body, relapses. , , , .
How to get rid?
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The use of expectorant drugs, mucolytics allows you to effectively cope with sputum, make cough more productive. Medicines can be used orally and using a special device - an inhaler. The most popular are bromhexine, the active metabolites of this compound. In pharmacies, a fairly wide variety of items is presented. The effect of drugs is indirect, moderate, includes the ability to stop inflammation and activate the production of surfactant. Allergic reactions are extremely rare on Bromhexine metabolites. Medicines are used for colds after a meal in the form of a syrup, solution. A tablet form is available. The dosage is prescribed by the doctor, focusing on the age and weight of the patient. The most powerful drug on the pharmacy shelves is N-acetylcysteine. Medicines with such a compound are effective in chronic forms of the disease. This mucolytic affects the body directly, liquefies sputum, and with prolonged use it reduces the generation of lysozyme, IgA, which leads to a greater reactivity of the bronchopulmonary system in one third of patients over three years of age.