A musical score is essentially a universal language, a means of transmitting information that is understandable to every musician, regardless of age, nationality, or other factors that separate people in the world.
This language does not even depend on time - music, recorded on paper centuries ago, today sounds the same as at the time of its birth. Such a miracle was made possible by a stave. With notes as letters, keys, sharps and flats as punctuation marks, a musical instrument is even more perfect than usual, as it conveys not only informational content, but also emotional shades.
What is fixed on the camp?
It would seem that the answer to this question is simple: music. However, everything is somewhat more complicated. Each sound, both musical and any other, is characterized by certain parameters, and it is precisely them that are fixed by the stave.
Sounds have four main characteristics:
- height;
- volume;
- duration
- emotional coloring, i.e. timbre.
Each of these characteristics and transmits a stave. With notes arranged along the lines, everything is more or less clear, but they are not able to reflect the full picture of sound without other signs. That is, continuing the analogy with simple writing, the notes act as letters, and the rest of the signs complement them. Together, they compose musical phrases similar to recorded speech sentences.
Pitch
There is a system, that is, a scale to which the arrangement of notes is subordinate . On a stave, this is an order from the bottom to the top. In keyboards, sounds are lined up from left to right. That is, the very first key on the left transmits the lowest sound, and on the right - the highest. The same principle is the basis of musical literacy. The lowest lines that the musical staff has at their disposal transmit the lowest pitch sound.
Additionally, the scale is divided into octaves, there are only nine of them. The “bass” musical stave includes four octaves:
- subcontrol;
- control;
- big;
- small.
They were distributed by pitch, starting from the lowest. After the bass octaves are the rest, called numerals, from the first to the fifth.
How do notes display?
The pitch determines the order, location of notes. At the stave, in the eyes of a beginner in music or just a person far from her, full of ovals, shaded and transparent, with and without sticks, with ponytails, lines and other strange “squiggles”. This is usually said by children who first opened music notebooks.
The notes themselves are written in ovals, either empty or shaded. The sticks added to them are called "calm" and can be placed to the left or right of the oval. Calm, going down, is prescribed on the left, going up from the musical oval - on the right.
The location of the calm is subject to the rule of writing musical phrases, that is, it is actually spelling, but musical - to the third line they are written on the right side, after it - on the left.
Styles are sometimes "decorated with ponytails." They are called flags.
The sound to which the note corresponds has a duration. In a letter, it is conveyed by the presence of braising and calm. For the convenience of transmitting this parameter, the whole sound is considered to consist of parts of one quarter.
An empty and “thick” note without a “stick” means a duration of a whole quarter or 4 full shares. Exactly the same, but with a calm, transfers the duration to 2 full shares or half an entire quarter. The shaded note with a calm, as the performers say, is “small”, this is a quarter note, that is, its duration is 1 beat.
How many lines are there in the camp?
The note mill consists of five lines. The height of the sounds fixed on the lines is indicated by a key and additional signs, it is guided by them that the musician understands which octave is selected in a particular record.
When a “musical sentence” engages a sound that is lower or higher than the selected octave, this is indicated by additional shortened lines on which the musical ovals “sit”.
In the absence of a key, it is a priori assumed that the lines reflect the sounds of the first octave.
What is a key?
The keys of a stave are not just complementary. This is the main recording element, a kind of starting moment, the point from which the pitch of the displayed sound begins to count.
It is with the key that every musician begins to read, without them it is impossible to determine the exact range of sound, only an approximation.
What are the keys?
Beginners in music usually call two keys - treble and bass. In fact, there are many more.
All keys used in music recordings can be divided into three large groups, named according to the notes:
- "Salt" is the first.
- “Fa” is the second.
- “Do” is the third.
These groups were named so not at all by chance; they are oriented by notes.
First group
The keys of the Old French and violin stave are determined by “salt”. If there are no additional clarifications, then the record refers to the first octave.
Second group
The baritone, bass profund and, of course, the bass clef of a stave are oriented according to "fa". In the absence of any additional explanations, they send the musician when reading the scale to a small octave.
Third group
The keys belonging to this group, that is, all the others, orient the stave of the piano and other instruments to the “before” of the first octave. This group of keys is involved in complex works taught by experienced musicians. Beginners of training master works with two types of keys - “bass” and “violin”.
Is there a kind of recording for several musicians?
This question is always interesting to everyone who begins to study music. Indeed, if a work is not intended for only one instrument, then how is it recorded? Is it possible, for example, when an orchestra performs, each speaker has the same sheet with notes? But if there are several violins on stage? Do they make the same sounds? A cascade of similar questions is heard by almost every music teacher.
Sheet music, addressed to several performers, are combined in a collection called the score. Inside the scores, notes are separately written for each of the participating instruments, including human voices. Such extracts are called batches.
When a piece is made into a single sheet, each part is a separate five-step ruler; the score is indicated by a straight vertical line located in front of the keys and uniting the part.
The way of writing that parts of various instruments, like voices, must be performed at the same time, is a curly brace similar to that used in arithmetic. Here it is called the Accolade.
No philologist can say exactly where this name came from. There is a version that the word is short for the combination of “chord” and “fret”. That is, this term was not given to musical notation with keyboard instruments, but with strings. It is possible that it is so.
The completion of an individual score is recorded on paper using a double vertical line, one part of which is fatter than the other.
In addition, a record called reprise is used in such recordings. These are two points located at the lines indicating the ending of a musical passage. The presence of a reprise tells the performers about the need to repeat the play.
What else can be seen in the camp?
While studying textbook exercises, everyone necessarily looks at the end of the textbook and encounters a dotted linear tap of several notes, supplemented by the designation “8va”. Such an abbreviation is written at the top, and at the bottom - "8vb".
Considering such a record, those who have just begun to master the “sounding letter”, again feel like complete ignoramuses. What versions of what this can mean are not heard by educators. In fact, everything is extremely simple and visually clear. This dotted line is a simple reference to a lower or, conversely, a high octave. A sign is used to simplify musical notation, that is, in order not to draw a large number of additional short lines.
How is tonality prescribed?
In addition to the fact that staves reflect the pitch and are arranged according to its order, they also report on the tonalities in which the work should be performed.
In addition to octaves, all sounds, denoted by seven notes, are divided into sound steps. It's easy to find them on the instrument - these are black short keys.
The short key to the right of the note gives an increase in its clear sound, and to the left - a decrease. That is, the same black shortcut key simultaneously serves two notes. For example, it increases the “fa” or lowers the “salt”.
This is written on the letter with the help of special characters: “sharp”, which indicates the need for increase, and “flat”, which means that the tone of the sound should be lowered.
There is a concept of "double". If a pure symbol indicates half a tone, then a duplicated symbol is a whole.
In addition to them, there is a symbol called "becar". This sign completely cancels the midtones and tells the performer that in this passage the sound should be primary, that is, clear.
The use of all three characters reporting the nuances of the tone is called alteration.
In addition to all of the above, other symbols are used in the stave, which convey additional information to the performer about how the piece should be played. These are symbols of minor and major, pause and acceleration, and many others.
A note mill is comparable to speech recording. Having begun to study it, first they comprehend the main points, such as the meaning of the notes and their location, this is similar to the stage of memorizing and mastering the writing of letters. Then the characters are studied, this stage is similar to the development of punctuation marks.
The note staff only seems complicated, but in reality it is easy to learn, following the order in its development.