Cardiovascular failure (according to ICD-10 code I50) refers to a disease characterized by the presence of a number of signs associated with a violation in the process of filling and emptying of the heart muscle. As a result of this, various kinds of disturbances are observed in the body.
The signs of this disease are quite characteristic, and if they occur, you should definitely consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Therapy is performed using conservative and surgical techniques.
Main classification
There are two forms of insufficiency of the cardiovascular system - acute and chronic. Also, the disease is divided not only by the nature of the course, but also by localization. In this regard, such forms of violation are distinguished as:
- left ventricular;
- right ventricular;
- total.
In addition, doctors distinguish several stages of the development of pathology. The first degree is characterized by the fact that there are no visible signs, however, anatomical damage to the heart and blood vessels is observed, which is determined during the examination.
In the second degree A, pathological signs are observed from the side of one circle of blood circulation. In this case, there is a strong barking dry cough, which mainly manifests itself at night in the supine position. The second degree B is characterized by the fact that pathological symptoms occur that indicate circulatory problems. In particular, among the signs, it is necessary to highlight the presence of a strong "cardiac" cough with sputum separation and swelling of the legs.
The third degree has the most pronounced symptoms. It requires urgent hospitalization of the patient and subsequent resuscitation. Also, the disease can be:
- compensated;
- subcompensated;
- decompensated.
The compensated form means that the prescribed treatment helps to cope with the existing disease. With subcompensated, various manifestations of heart failure are observed, but the patient's well-being is not critical. The decompensated form fully corresponds to the 3 stages of the course of the disease. That is, the patient needs urgent resuscitation.
Acute form of failure
Acute cardiovascular failure (ICD-10: I50) refers to a very serious condition that poses a great danger to the patient's life. The increase in symptoms is rapid and is characterized by a sharp decrease in the functioning of the myocardium and a decrease in cardiac output.
With this form of the disease, there is a delay in blood microcirculation in the small circle. In this regard, there are symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure, such as severe pulmonary edema, which is characterized by severe shortness of breath, almost reaching suffocation. It is worth considering that treatment requires the use of medications prescribed by a doctor. In especially difficult and dangerous cases, an operation is performed in which a pacemaker is installed.
Among the main symptoms of acute cardiovascular failure, there is a rapid heartbeat, as well as a somewhat bluish tint or pronounced skin cyanosis. Severe shortness of breath leads to the fact that the patient for a long time should be in a sitting position. If a person lies down, then lung ventilation is reduced.
There are other symptoms of this disease. Usually a cough with frothy viscous sputum is observed. With a strong increase in pressure in the vessels of the lungs, cardiopulmonary failure can occur . In this case, the presence of dyspnea at rest, acute pain in the sternum, and blue lips should alert.
Chronic failure
Chronic cardiovascular failure is most common. Basically, it is inherent in people over 60 years old. Among the main provoking factors, it is necessary to highlight:
- arterial hypertension;
- chronic ischemia of the heart;
- myocarditis;
- lung diseases
- diabetes.
A person who has chronic cardiovascular failure suffers from constant shortness of breath, increased fatigue, and a rapid heartbeat. Most patients say that they get tired very quickly and even a small load is simply beyond their strength. These problems are caused by insignificant cardiac output, tissue hypoxia, and insufficient blood flow.
If a person notices that with a slight load on the body, he begins to experience severe fatigue, as well as his well-being. If the first symptom occurs, you should definitely consult a doctor for diagnosis.
Shortness of breath increases gradually. Initially, it is observed only with physical effort, but over time it can even be in a state of complete rest. Such a manifestation can provoke the formation of cardiac asthma, in which attacks of suffocation occur at night. They cause a severe panic in the patient.
Causes of occurrence
Among the main causes of cardiovascular failure, it is necessary to highlight such diseases as:
- arterial hypertension;
- mitral and arterial heart defects;
- infectious heart disease;
- ischemia;
- genetic disorders of cardiac activity.
All these diseases also have certain causes. It is worth noting that the development of the disease mainly occurs with hypertension. In this regard, it is important to timely diagnose and subsequent treatment to prevent the development of complications.
Main symptoms
Symptoms of cardiovascular failure are quite pronounced and cause significant discomfort to a person who is sick. It is important to recognize the first signs of the pathology in a timely manner, since this will allow you to start treatment as quickly as possible. Manifestations of the disease for people of different sex and age may vary slightly.
Symptoms of cardiovascular failure in men are diverse. They are very easy to recognize if you closely monitor your well-being. Experts recommend that men over 40 regularly visit a cardiologist. If the disease is not detected at the initial stages of development, then it can provoke dangerous complications. Among the main signs of cardiovascular failure in men, the following should be distinguished:
- slight yellowness of the skin;
- blue of the chin, tip of the nose, ears;
- swelling of the extremities;
- an increase in veins in the neck;
- enlarged liver;
- sputum cough;
- dyspnea;
- wheezing in the lungs.
Features of the course of cardiac pathology in women are similar to other heart diseases, therefore, an additional examination is required. Among the main symptoms of cardiovascular failure in women, it is necessary to distinguish such as:
- burning or feeling of constriction in the chest;
- heartburn, nausea, and vomiting;
- dry cough and severe shortness of breath;
- pain radiates to the neck, jaw, arms.
In women, the progression of such a pathology is often associated with emotional overstrain.
Symptoms of cardiovascular failure in children largely depend on the age of the baby and the duration of the disease. It is important to diagnose pathology in a timely manner, however, this is not always possible. That is why parents need to closely monitor their child so that deviations can be noticed in a timely manner. Among the main signs of the disease in children and adolescents, the following should be highlighted:
- severe shortness of breath;
- the appearance of tachycardia;
- darkening in the eyes;
- fatigue
- loss of consciousness;
- pallor of the skin;
- bad sleep;
- swelling throughout the body;
- frequent spitting up;
- blue fingers and lips;
- paroxysmal cough and wheezing in the lungs.
In an elderly person, the symptoms of cardiovascular failure are not pronounced enough. However, the signs of the disease progress pretty quickly, so their timely detection is important for people in years. Among the early symptoms, the following should be highlighted:
- increased coughing attacks;
- darkening in the eyes, fainting;
- increased frequent fatigue;
- light sleep;
- decreased mental performance;
- strong overexcitation;
- decreased physical activity.
If the first symptoms of cardiovascular insufficiency occur in adults and children, you should definitely consult a doctor for a comprehensive diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The degree of severity of the existing signs of the existing pathology largely determines the peculiarity of the treatment.
First aid
The attack lasts mainly from 3-5 minutes to several hours, but it is impossible to determine the onset of the attack. Over time, patients learn to monitor their well-being and feel the onset of an attack. If shortness of breath is observed and swelling is present, then you need to urgently go to the doctor.
However, a patient may have a sudden attack, so you definitely need to know how to help with cardiovascular failure. In no case can not be subjected to panic, as well as urgently call an ambulance. Even before the doctor arrives, you need to unfasten the patient’s clothes, providing access to fresh air. The person needs to be planted directly and give him a nitroglycerin tablet under his tongue. The victim should be in a semi-sitting position. This allows for the outflow of blood from the heart to the legs. If the situation is very difficult, almost critical, then you can put tourniquets on the hips.
In acute cardiovascular failure, help should be provided immediately, therefore, medications prescribed by a doctor must be at home. In the room you need to create the necessary conditions for the influx of fresh air. To do this, it is recommended to fully open all windows and doors so that there is a draft.
With a sharp deterioration in well-being, emergency care is required for cardiovascular failure, as this will help save the patient's life. If a person begins to suffocate, then you need to carry out resuscitation measures on your own.
Diagnostics
In order to diagnose "cardiovascular insufficiency syndrome", in addition to interviewing and examining the patient, the doctor generally prescribes additional research methods, in particular the following:
- blood and urine tests;
- electrocardiography;
- contrast coronarography;
- echocardiography;
- ultrasound diagnosis of the abdominal cavity;
- chest x-ray;
- CT scan;
- angiography.
Determining the causes of this pathology is very important, since it will allow to detect the presence of the disease much faster and conduct treatment to prevent the development of complications.
Treatment features
If the first symptoms of cardiovascular failure occur, treatment must be started immediately, as this will help to slightly improve the patient's quality of life. Therapy must be comprehensive and includes the following:
- taking medications;
- dieting;
- maintaining a healthy and healthy lifestyle.
If conservative methods do not bring the desired result and the patient's well-being only worsens, the doctor may order an operation.
Patients should adhere to a specially prescribed diet with a minimum amount of salt. If a person is suffering from excess weight, then the diet should be aimed at reducing it in order to reduce the burden on the heart. Food consumed should contain a minimum of fat, sugar and cholesterol. You need to include in your diet foods containing a lot of potassium.
To eliminate the symptoms of cardiovascular failure, treatment should include lifestyle changes. It is important to quit smoking. It is necessary to avoid severe overwork and work, which is associated with very strong loads, to devote enough time to rest.
Patients are shown regular therapeutic exercises, which somewhat slows down the progression of pathology, normalize well-being and reduce existing symptoms. It is necessary to try to avoid respiratory infections, in particular, such as acute respiratory viral infections, influenza, pneumonia. The patient must strictly follow all the doctor’s instructions.
The doctor strictly individually for each individual patient prescribes medication for cardiovascular failure, which includes drugs such as:
- diuretics;
- angiotensin receptor blockers;
- vasodilators;
- beta blockers;
- magnesium, potassium;
- calcium channel blockers;
- funds designed to maintain the functioning of the heart muscle.
Mandatory treatment should be aimed at eliminating the primary cause. In the acute form of the disease or during relapse, bed rest and complete rest are prescribed. In all other cases, the load should be moderate.
Drug therapy
Drug treatment of cardiovascular failure can extend and significantly improve the well-being of patients and their quality of life. The main objectives of conservative therapy are such as:
- protection of the heart, liver, blood vessels and brain;
- prevention of complications;
- a decrease in the severity of symptoms;
- prolongation of the patient’s life.
For treatment, the following groups of medications are prescribed:
- cardiac glycosides;
- ACE inhibitors and vasodilators;
- diuretics;
- anticoagulants;
- nitrates.
ACE inhibitors have antihypertensive and cardioprotective qualities. These drugs help reduce heart hypertrophy. In particular, the doctor may prescribe such drugs as “Lisinopril”, “Fosinopril”, “Captopril”, “Enalapril” for treatment. They contribute to normal exercise tolerance.
Cardiac glycosides help improve cardiac output, thereby reducing stagnation of various kinds. In addition, they contribute to the normalization of the functions of the urinary system. Basically, doctors prescribe such drugs as Strofantin, Digoxin, Korglikon.
Cardioselective adrenergic blockers help reduce the resistance of the vascular system, thereby reducing pressure and stress on the heart muscle. In particular, such drugs as Metoprolol, Lokren, Atenolol are used.
Diuretics help to remove excess fluid from the body, and also normalize heart function. To enhance the effect in heart failure, a combination of diuretics with other drugs can be prescribed. Basically, the doctor prescribes such drugs as Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide, Triamteren.
To expand the venous arteries of the heart and increase cardiac output, nitrates are prescribed, in particular, such as Sustak, Nitroglycerin. Normalization of heart nutrition leads to a decrease in pain in the heart. In addition, nootropic drugs, hepatoprotectors, vitamins, antibiotics, enzymes can be prescribed for complex therapy. The purpose of these medications depends on the symptoms of the disease.
The sooner the main causes of cardiovascular failure are determined, the more effective the therapy will be.
If an acute attack occurs, the patient is urgently hospitalized in a hospital, where they provide emergency care. For this, “Nitroglycerin” is introduced, diuretics, and oxygen inhalations are also carried out. With the formation of ascites, puncture removal of accumulated fluid from the abdominal cavity is performed. In severe cases, pleural puncture is required. To prevent hypoxia and tissue death, oxygen therapy is prescribed.
Surgical intervention
The operation is indicated in case of ineffectiveness of drug therapy. Surgical intervention is aimed at normalizing the functioning of the heart muscle and preventing its subsequent damage. One of the most common methods is bypass surgery. When it is carried out, blood flow is sent to bypass a blocked vessel.
With the course of the disease, the valves are significantly deformed. This leads to circulatory disorders. In this case, an operation is appointed to replace or restore them. Dora's operation is indicated after a heart attack. The consequence of a heart attack on the heart remains a scar. In addition, the tissues of the organ are significantly thinning, which leads to a gradual thinning of the aneurysm. During the operation, aneurysm or affected tissue is removed.
With a particularly severe form of the course of the disease, when other methods of therapy did not bring the desired result, a heart transplant may be required.
Rehabilitation
Patients with a chronic form of the disease must be prescribed complex cardiac rehabilitation. This is a specially designed complex that includes several wellness treatments in combination with drug therapy and lifestyle changes. It is recommended that such rehabilitation be carried out in a sanatorium. They created all the necessary conditions for the normalization of well-being and recovery from a serious illness.
Cardiac rehabilitation should also be performed by patients who in the past had an acute form of insufficiency provoked by a heart attack or severe valvular defect.Rehabilitation is carried out only when the patient's condition has somewhat stabilized. Cardiac rehabilitation allows you to achieve positive results:
- symptom reduction;
- decrease in puffiness;
- the disappearance of shortness of breath, weakness and other signs.
Patients increase exercise tolerance. Combined therapy allows risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases to improve the functioning of the heart and reduce the likelihood of relapse.
. , , , .
Consequences of the disease
– , . , . .
Patients have a significantly increased risk of death from a stroke or heart attack. Diseases of the cardiovascular system, complicated by acute failure, proceed in a much more severe form and are much worse cured. This applies to hypertension, angina pectoris, and ischemia. In especially severe cases, there may be death from cardiovascular failure, so it is important to determine the presence of a problem and conduct treatment.
Forecast and Prevention
It is important to understand that with the development of such a pathology, the signs will appear constantly. Unfortunately, the disease cannot be completely cured, and the medications taken only help to prolong the patient's life. Therefore, at the very beginning of the course of the pathology, it is necessary to constantly adjust the therapy.
The prognosis largely depends on how severe the symptoms and heart damage are, as well as the correctness of the selected treatment methodology. Of great importance is the extent to which the patient complies with the rules of therapy and his lifestyle. Negative habits and non-compliance with the regimen of drugs are negatively affected by the treatment process.
Recovery and survival have their own specific boundaries. About 50% of patients pass the five-year survival threshold. The more distant prognosis is influenced by the severity of the course of the disease, as well as existing concomitant pathologies. It is also important to maintain a healthy lifestyle, a good sleep and rest.
Stressful situations must be completely eliminated. An unfavorable prognosis should be expected during the 3rd stage of the development of the disease. To avoid severe heart pathologies, you need to adhere to certain rules throughout your life, in particular, they include the following:
- timely treat existing infectious diseases;
- regularly undergo medical examination;
- give up smoking;
- Avoid frequent consumption of harmful foods and drinks;
- normalize your weight;
- to live an active lifestyle.
In addition, it is very important to normalize well-being, to learn to control outbursts of anger, irritability and other negative emotions. Only correctly conducted treatment and prevention will help to avoid the occurrence of frequent relapses and significantly improve the well-being of the patient.