Purulent-septic diseases - a group of ailments that provoke pathogenic bacteria. Unpleasant symptoms most often develop against the background of a weakened patient’s immunity. When ingested, bacteria begin to multiply rapidly. As a result, the patient develops signs of inflammation; immediate medical attention is required. Purulent-septic infections in surgery occupy a special place. Most emergency patients seek help with just such diseases.
Gram-positive bacteria
Purulent-septic infection is a large group of pathogenic microorganisms that can normally be present in the body of any person. Unpleasant symptoms develop when the pathogenic microflora begins to multiply rapidly against the background of a decrease in the patient's immunity.
The most common are staphylococci. These are opportunistic microbes that can cause septic, respiratory and intestinal diseases. Staphylococcal infection can affect any organs and tissues with a decrease in protective forces. Infection most often occurs as a local purulent inflammatory process. If a pathogenic microbe enters the digestive tract, symptoms of poisoning appear. May lead to the development of unpleasant complications of staphylococcus aureus. What is this disease? In fact, this is a whole range of ailments. Staphylococcus aureus can cause sepsis with an increased risk of death. Therefore, if any unpleasant symptoms appear, you should seek help.
Streptococci are also potentially pathogenic microorganisms that can rapidly multiply in conditions of reduced immunity. They grow especially well with elevated blood glucose levels. Streptococcal pneumonia often affects patients with diabetes. The source of infection is most often a sick person. However, close contact does not mean that you have to face unpleasant symptoms. Immunity is of great importance.
With staphylococcal infection, any organs and tissues can also be affected. Often, against the background of infection, sepsis develops.
Enterococci are bacteria that are classified as gram-positive. According to physiological characteristics, they are very similar to streptococci. Often enterococci provoke diseases of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis), bacterial endocarditis. Although normal enterococci are even useful. They take part in maintaining normal intestinal microflora, inhibit the activity of other pathogenic microorganisms.
Gram-negative bacteria
Salmonella are dangerous microorganisms. They act as the causative agent of typhoid fever. This is a genus of non-spore bacteria, in the form of sticks. These organisms are gram negative. When ingested, they cause dangerous symptoms. Untimely assistance may lead to the death of the patient.
Many gram-negative bacteria can exist in the human body for a long time, not letting themselves know. Any blow to the immune system is an excellent opportunity for opportunistic microflora. Such bacteria begin to multiply rapidly during hypothermia, stressful situations, emotional overstrain, overwork, etc.
There are many subspecies of gram-negative bacteria. The main causative agents of GSI were considered above. The following microorganisms are less common: pseudomonads, spirochetes, brucella, francicella, etc. They can disrupt the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The most dangerous are gram-negative rods and cocci, chlamydia, helicobacteria.
ICGs surround people everywhere. Simple preventive measures, which will be described below, will help protect yourself from the development of dangerous diseases.
Laboratory diagnostics
A qualified specialist in case of unpleasant symptoms in a patient can make a preliminary diagnosis. However, it will not be possible to start therapy until the pathogen is identified, which provoked the pathological process. Methods for diagnosing infection are different. If purulent inflammation is detected, a microbiological examination is necessarily carried out. This is necessary in order to determine the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora to the selected antibiotic. Diagnosis is by immunofluorescence reaction.
In a special way, a sampling of biological material is carried out to conduct a study for purulent infections of the skin. All manipulations are performed under conditions of complete sterility during surgery or surgery. The skin around the affected surface is treated with an antiseptic. From the main focus of the lesion, discharge with a syringe is selected.
If suspected of streptococcal pneumonia, a bacteriological study of bronchial secretion is performed. In this case, it is important to carry out bacterial inoculation even before the start of antibiotic therapy. A single serving of sputum is collected in the morning on an empty stomach.
To determine whether there is an infection in the body, the rapid test for streptococcus will also help. A study can be prescribed if the patient has a breakdown, the patient often complain of dizziness. Preschool children often suffer from streptococcal infection. A microbiological examination can be carried out if the child suffers from acute respiratory infections more than five times a year.
The streptococcus test is very simple. All manipulations can be performed on an outpatient basis right in the doctor’s office. All that needs to be done is to take a swab from the patient’s oral mucosa. Biological material is then investigated in laboratory conditions using special reagents.
Studies in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
Abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite - these symptoms may indicate the presence of infection in the body. Most often, patients are primarily assigned general tests of urine, blood and feces. If the level of opportunistic microorganisms is exceeded, it will be possible to find out.
Meningitis, chronic gastritis, endocarditis - with all these pathologies, the content of enterococcus in the feces will be exceeded. In this case, treatment with the use of antibiotics will be relevant. Often problems are detected in infants who consume artificial nutrition.
In intestinal infections, the pathogen is released from vomit and feces. In some cases, bacteria can be detected in water, which is used to wash the stomach. The identification of the pathogen can be carried out thanks to sowing on nutrient media.
Purulent septic infection transmission factors
Conditionally pathogenic microflora is normally present in the body of any person. If one member of the family has symptoms of an infectious process, this does not mean that the rest will fall ill. However, close contact with the patient is recommended to limit. It is recommended to ventilate the room where the patient is located.
There is a much greater risk of contracting an outpatient infection. The leading transmission path is contact. These are the hands of medical personnel, textiles, furnishings. In this regard, special attention is paid to sanitary and hygienic measures. Medical personnel must observe the rules of personal hygiene - wash hands with soap and treat them with an antiseptic after contact with each new patient. It is also important to exclude the introduction of infection into the hospital. After receiving the patient, the oilcloth on the couch is treated with a disinfectant solution.
Purulent-septic infections (GSI) are easily transmitted by contact. At risk are immunocompromised patients who are in a hospital setting. Therefore, special attention is paid to the cleanliness of the hands of medical personnel. Hygienic procedures must be carried out before and after any manipulations with the patient. Additionally, special sterile gloves should be used.
How to stop the spread of purulent-septic infection? Hygienic requirements by medical personnel must be followed. In this case, it will be possible to significantly reduce the rapid spread of pathogenic microflora.
Streptococcal infections
This is a whole group of diseases that develop as a result of the rapid multiplication of streptococcal flora. These pathologies are very dangerous for their complications. The downside is that streptococci are resistant to the environment. These microorganisms can exist without problems at low and high temperatures. They die in a hot environment only after 30 minutes. Under the influence of chemical disinfectants (antiseptics), streptococci die only after 15 minutes.
The carrier of streptococcal infection is a sick person. Pathogenic microflora is transmitted by airborne droplets. The patient secretes bacteria when coughing, sneezing. You can get infected even during a conversation with the carrier of infection. The most contagious are patients in whom the upper respiratory tract is affected. You can easily get infected with tonsillitis, scarlet fever. Moreover, at a distance of more than three meters, pathogenic microflora will no longer be transmitted. Therefore, limiting contact with an affected person is the best preventive measure. A special sterile mask can be worn on the patient.
Significantly increases the risk of purulent complications in patients with burns, injuries. Streptococcal infection often develops in patients after surgery. Therefore, in a hospital environment, it is especially important to comply with all hygiene standards. Pregnant women and newborns are also at risk because of weakened immunity.
Streptococcus can manifest itself in different ways. Purulent-septic infections are often found in the upper respiratory tract, hearing aid. Especially often, such diseases are found in pediatrics. Children can suffer from purulent otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis. Of particular note is streptoderma. In this disease, clinical manifestations of streptococcal infection are observed on the skin of the patient in the form of vesicles, spots, purulent elements.
In the absence of high-quality treatment, pathogenic microflora begins to rapidly develop on the internal organs. A special danger to life is streptococcal pneumonia. In this case, the infection affects the mucous membrane of the lungs. The disease may be the result of untreated SARS. Especially often with such a pathology, patients are found in the fall or spring. In a moist environment, pathogenic microorganisms multiply faster.
Clinically, streptococcal pneumonia is manifested by a strong cough, symptoms of general intoxication of the body, chest pain. During cough, sputum with purulent contents is secreted. The disease can cause serious complications that threaten the patient's life. Therefore, you must immediately seek medical help.
Staph infection
What kind of disease is staphylococcus? In fact, this is not the disease itself, but a conditionally pathogenic microflora that provokes the development of unpleasant symptoms. Most often, staphylococcus is the cause of the development of purulent skin lesions. Furunculosis is a common disease in which the hair follicle becomes inflamed, as well as the surrounding tissue. The disease often develops in patients who do not comply with hygiene standards. Also at risk are weakened people who have suffered other dangerous diseases. Furunculosis can develop against the background of influenza, acute respiratory infections.
A decrease in immunity can also be caused by chronic diseases, endocrine disorders, prolonged hormone therapy, etc. The penetration of pathogenic microflora into the hair sac can be caused by mechanical damage to the skin. In this regard, it is important to properly treat any wound with an antiseptic. The risk of developing staphylococcal infection on the skin in patients with hyperhidrosis (increased sweating) is increased. Other dermatological pathologies can also provoke infection - eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis.
In some cases, the presence of infection in the body may not manifest itself. It is possible to detect staphylococcus in the blood during the next preventive examination. This situation is potentially dangerous and cannot be ignored. With a blood stream, pathogenic microflora can spread throughout the body. The risk of extensive infection - sepsis - is increasing. With a significant decrease in immunity, the infection can affect the meninges. Meningitis is a dangerous disease that often results in death.
Staphylococcal infection in the advanced stage is not always possible to quickly remove from the body. Antibiotics are selected taking into account the sensitivity of pathogenic microflora. In some cases, you have to change the drug several times, and the treatment itself lasts for months.
Typhoid fever
This is an acute intestinal infection that leads to the development of dangerous symptoms. Mostly the lymphatic system and intestines are affected. The causative agent of typhoid fever is salmonella. Pathogenic microflora can remain viable in the environment for several months. A favorable environment for the propagation of salmonella are some foods - milk, eggs, minced meat. This pathogenic gram-negative bacillus easily tolerates freezing. But chemical and thermal treatment is detrimental to bacteria.
As in the case of other purulent-septic infections, the pathogen is excreted in the urine and feces. The source of typhoid is a sick person. The pathogen is released into the environment already at the end of the incubation period, when the patient himself has no unpleasant symptoms. In rare cases, the disease becomes chronic. In this case, the person will spread the infection throughout life.
Purulent-septic infections are easily transmitted in a domestic environment. Hygiene requirements must be followed. Salmonella infection pathway is water and food. So, after each visit to the toilet, you must thoroughly wash your hands with soap. Infection can also occur with the use of water contaminated with feces (rivers, lakes, other bodies of water). In the summer-autumn period, a peak incidence is observed.
The incubation period of the disease does not exceed two weeks. The first unpleasant symptoms may appear as early as five days after infection. The patient develops a fever, symptoms of general intoxication of the body. But purulent septic infections are not limited to a general deterioration in well-being. Typhoid is accompanied by blanching of the skin, rashes. The patient has problems with bowel movements, internal organs are enlarged.
Typhoid fever is dangerous for its complications. Some patients have intestinal bleeding and acute anemia. A patient even with minor manifestations of typhoid fever must be hospitalized. Therapy is carried out using antibiotics. At the same time, vaccination can be prescribed.
Enterococcal infection
There are more than 15 different types of enterococci. These microorganisms do not always lead to the development of unpleasant symptoms. However, their level in the body should be monitored. If enterococci in feces are detected, an additional examination may be prescribed. Often, an increase in indicators is observed in preschool children. This situation may be due to a decrease in the body's defenses against the background of hypothermia, taking medications. A significant increase in the number of enterococci in the body can cause diseases such as cystitis, meningitis, otitis media, gastritis, etc.
Fecal analysis is not the only method for determining a disorder. Additionally examine the urine and blood of the patient. Instrumental techniques may also be used.
To begin adequate therapy, it is initially necessary to determine the type of enterococcus that provoked the disease. The medication is selected taking into account the sensitivity of microflora, as well as the individual characteristics of the patient's body, age is always taken into account.
Prevention of purulent-septic infections
The development of any disease is easier to prevent than to conduct therapy later. - , . - , , . , , .
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