The inflammatory process that affects the mucous membrane of the nose and paranasal (accessory) sinuses (sinuses) is called sinusitis. But if the disease is not treated, a complication in the form of sinusitis can develop. How is sinusitis manifested? We will understand this article.
What are the diseases of the nose?
Depending on the localization, the inflammatory process can be called:
1. Frontitis - damage to the frontal sinus.
2. Ethmoiditis - damage to the cells of the ethmoid bone. This disease can provoke severe intracranial (meningitis, encephalitis) and intraocular complications (eye phlegmon, eyelid abscess ).
3. Sphenoiditis - Defeat of the sphenoid sinus.
Ethmoiditis and sphenoiditis rarely occur in isolation, more often combined with sinusitis or frontal sinusitis.
Types of sinusitis
Depending on the cause of sinusitis, there may be:
1. Rhinogenic - occurs as a complication after infections (influenza, acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections).
2. Hematogenous - bacteria enter the bloodstream. Children with diphtheria and measles are more likely to get this type of sinusitis .
3. Odontogenic - also manifested in children due to ingestion of pus through the lower sinus. Causes such sinusitis complicated periodontitis, periostitis.
4. Traumatic - trauma or fracture of the nasal septum provokes the disease.
5. Allergic - occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to an irritant. With this type of sinusitis, severe edema is observed;
6. Vasomotor - often occurs in people in their teens due to vegetative-vascular dystonia.
Also distinguish between acute and chronic sinusitis.
How does sinusitis manifest in adults?
The disease most often manifests itself:
- severe headache radiating to teeth and cheeks;
- copious viscous secretion from the nasal passages;
- chills, high body temperature, lethargy, weakness;
- nasal congestion, a feeling of fullness in the upper jaw, intensified by tilting;
- it is possible to join a cough, the development of tonsillitis;
- decrease in sense of smell.
Now it’s clear how sinusitis manifests itself. Symptoms, as can be seen, are varied and rather unpleasant.
Causes of sinusitis in adults
The main reasons for the development of sinusitis are considered:
- runny nose, often staphylococcal, pneumococcal or streptococcal etiology, possible viral etiology (influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus);
- dental pathologies, suppurating cysts, periostitis (odontogenic sinusitis);
- adenoids;
- injuries, post-traumatic curvature of the septum;
- allergic rhinitis;
- decrease in immunity;
- polyps, foreign bodies.
How does sinusitis manifest in children?
In children under 2 years of age, the ailment considered by us, as a rule, is not diagnosed - this is due to the lack of formation of the maxillary sinuses.
As for the clinical picture, sinusitis in children is manifested by the same symptoms as in adults. The main difference is a possible high body temperature, as well as redness on the cheek from the side of the inflamed sinus.
Sinusitis in children is most dangerous due to frequent complications. Severe headache in a child is the main symptom of the disease. This happens due to the accumulation of a large amount of pus in the face.
Diagnostics
A doctor should conduct a comprehensive diagnosis to identify the disease. The main activities include the following:
1. Listening to complaints, history taking.
2. Back sowing, research of the washing contents of a nose.
3. Radiography of the sinuses, which allows you to detect blackout, decreased airiness, transparency. The most informative research method, since it makes it possible to diagnose the localization of the pathological process with an erased clinical picture. Appointed in two projections - lateral and direct.
4. Magnetic resonance computed tomography ("gold standard" in case of suspected sphenoiditis).
5. Rhinoscopy.
6. General blood test (island-inflammatory reaction: leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, rod cell).
7. Endoscopic examination of the paranasal sinuses.
8. Consultation with a dentist and maxillofacial surgeon.
A set of diagnostic measures depends entirely on how sinusitis is manifested.
Complications
Untimely treatment of sinusitis can lead to the following serious consequences:
- meningitis;
- otitis media;
- jade;
- sepsis;
- rheumatoid arthritis;
- endocarditis, myocarditis;
- bronchitis, pneumonia.
How is chronic sinusitis manifested?
Symptoms of chronic sinusitis may be somewhat muffled. But they can be recognized:
- soreness when blinking;
- swelling of the eyelids in the morning;
- frequent headaches;
- constant nasal congestion;
- dry cough.
Chronic sinusitis also requires treatment. Therapy takes longer, but full recovery is possible. Much depends on how sinusitis manifests itself . Symptoms and treatment are usually closely related.
Sinusitis treatment
Conservative treatment of sinusitis is reduced to taking medications. The use of vasoconstrictor drops relieves swelling of the mucosa, constricts blood vessels, restores nasal breathing, and reduces the number of secretions. It is better to use drops containing oxymetazoline:
- "Nazivin."
- "Nazol."
- "Fazin."
- Afrin.
- "Tizin" (contains A-adrenergic agonist, provides vasoconstriction and improved breathing, the effect occurs a few minutes after application).
Also, antihistamines are used in the complex:
- "Telfast."
- Gismanal.
- “Loratadine.”
- "Diazolin."
The antibiotic drops proved the most effective. The most famous drugs include Polydex, Bioparox, Isofra.
Systemic antibiotic therapy depends entirely on how sinusitis manifests itself. Appointed for up to 10 days.
Penicillin-type antibiotics are used: amoxicillin (Flemoxin), a combination of amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin, Panclave). Also macrolides: Sumamed, Azithromycin, Klacid. Cephalosporins: Sortsef, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefoperazone sulbactam.
In severe cases, use:
- fluoroquinolones (Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin);
- carbapenems ("Imipenem", "Meropinem").
For mild to moderate disease, a tablet form of medication is recommended. In severe sinusitis, antibiotics are administered intravenously or intramuscularly.
Local use of antibacterial drugs (drops) is possible only with a mild form of the disease.
The combined use of local and systemic drugs reduces the risk of serious complications and speeds up the healing process.
When choosing antibiotics, it is necessary to take into account the presence of allergic reactions in the anamnesis, the data of a bacteriological study (determining the pathogen and its sensitivity to various groups).
In addition, depending on how sinusitis manifests itself, the following supporting measures are prescribed:
1. Vitamin therapy. The appointment of vitamins C, A, E.
2. Taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. With severe pain, fever with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic purpose: "Nimesulide", "Nimesil", "Nise", paracetamol, diclofenac sodium.
In severe cases, you can not do without surgical intervention.
1. Endoscopic minimally invasive intervention.
2. Evacuation of contents through a puncture.
Manipulations are performed only under anesthesia.
It is effective in the treatment of sinusitis by washing the sinuses with a special device without a puncture. This method is called "Cuckoo." Another effective method for washing the maxillary sinuses is the use of the Yamik sinus catheter.
Auxiliary tools are laser therapy, ultrasound exposure, UHF.
Prevention of sinusitis
In order to protect yourself from the development of such an ailment, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- use humidifiers;
- carry out rehabilitation of chronic foci of infection;
- regularly undergo a routine examination at the dentist, treat caries in a timely manner;
- no less important is the strengthening of the body's resistance forces, vitamin therapy;
- regularly do massage in the projection of the maxillary sinuses;
- to prevent the exacerbation of bacterial carriage (washing the nasal passages with saline, when staphylococcus is sown, put turundas with an alcoholic solution of chlorophyllipt).
- treat allergic rhinitis, hay fever;
- if there is a need for such treatment, do not refuse surgical correction of septal defects.
We examined how sinusitis manifests itself in adults. Symptoms are fully described in this article. If you notice at least a few signs, do not hesitate and do not pull - go to the doctor.