Hemorrhagic diathesis: classification, causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention

Hemorrhagic diathesis is a combination of diseases characterized by the appearance of a tendency to increased bleeding and the formation of bleeding. This pathological condition can occur in both children and adults. There are many reasons for the development of this ailment, so the diagnosis should be correct and differentiated.

Reasons for the appearance

Hemorrhagic diathesis classification

Before considering the classification of hemorrhagic diathesis and clinical recommendations for their treatment, it is necessary to understand why such pathological conditions develop. The reasons may be as follows:

  • Hereditary predisposition.
  • Incorrect structure of the vascular system.
  • Inadequate functioning of the blood coagulation system .
  • Infectious pathologies.
  • Diabetes mellitus or other systemic diseases that adversely affect blood vessels.
  • Platelet deficiency.
  • Damage to the walls of blood vessels due to intoxication of the body.
  • Malnutrition or malnutrition.
  • Leukemia
  • Chronic pathology of the kidneys and liver.
  • Sepsis, meningitis.
  • Malignant tumors.
  • Impaired functionality of the immune system.
  • Long-term use of anticoagulants.
  • Vitamin C deficiency, K.
  • Severe allergic reaction.

Whatever the cause of hemorrhagic diathesis, it must be precisely determined and eliminated. Otherwise, serious complications are possible.

Disease classification

Hemorrhagic diathesis can be classified as follows:

  1. Thrombocytopathy. These types of diseases develop due to platelet dysfunction.
  2. Thrombocytopenia. In this case, the problem is a decrease in platelet concentration in the blood.
  3. Angiopathy. Bleeding occurs due to non-traumatic vascular damage.
  4. Thrombocytostenia. In this case, the disease appears due to damage to blood clots, which are formed due to mutations in the genes, a malfunction in the immune system, and the influence of toxic substances.
  5. Hemophilia. The bleeding process triggers a violation of plasma coagulation factors.

Pathology often develops due to the high activity of fibrinolysis, during which platelets and blood clots dissolve too quickly. The most serious condition is considered to be DIC. It is characterized by the formation of blood clots in all vessels of the body. This type of hemorrhagic diathesis is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms of pathology

Symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis

If the body is healthy, then the walls of the vessels should be partially permeable to soluble substances and gases. However, blood elements should not pass through them. With pathological vascular damage, the situation changes radically. The following symptoms of hemorrhagic diathesis are distinguished:

  • Small spots of blue on the skin, which are very similar to bruises.
  • Red rash on the ankle, outer hips, forearms.
  • Bouts of vomiting. In this case, blood is present in the vomit.
  • The appearance of necrotic areas, sores on the surface of the skin.
  • Pain in the abdomen.

Depending on what causes the patient’s hemorrhagic diathesis, nonspecific symptoms of pathology are also distinguished:

  • General weakness, disability, problems with concentration.
  • Frequent dizziness, fainting.
  • Heart rate increase.
  • Change in the shade of the skin: they become pale.
  • Deterioration of resistance to physical and emotional stress.
  • Pain in the joints.
  • Noises in the ears or flies before the eyes.

In the presence of such symptoms, it is necessary to consult a doctor and determine the type of pathology, according to the classification of hemorrhagic diathesis.

Diagnostic Features

Prevention of hemorrhagic diathesis

In order to properly prescribe the treatment of the disease, a diagnosis of hemorrhagic diathesis is carried out. It includes:

  • Fixation of symptoms, as well as history taking.
  • A pinch of the skin, as well as a determination of its response to compression.
  • Coagulogram.
  • Immunological test.
  • The study of blood serum.
  • Coagulation analysis.

The patient must not only consult a therapist, but also a hematologist.

Additional research methods

If these studies did not give a complete picture of the pathology, then the diagnosis of hematological diathesis involves the use of additional methods:

  1. General urine analysis.
  2. Ipus aspiration of the ilium.
  3. Ultrasound of the kidneys and liver.
  4. X-ray examination of the joints.
  5. Functional test for capillary strength.
  6. Trepanobiopsy.
  7. Sternal puncture.

Thanks to such analyzes, specialists can accurately determine the type of pathology, severity, and also β€œbuild” a treatment strategy.

Types of bleeding

Hemorrhagic diathesis in adults is less common than in children. By the type of bleeding, the disease can be divided into:

  1. Angiomatous. In this case, purple stars (deformed vessels) are visible on the skin.
  2. Hematomic. This type is characterized by the formation of small cavities within which blood is located. A person often experiences heavy bleeding. This type can be considered hemophilia.
  3. Vasculitis purple. Here, small compacted spots of purple shade protrude above the surface of the mucous membranes and skin. They are clots of clotted blood.
  4. Microcirculatory. In this case, superficial hemorrhage is detected under the skin. It has the appearance of a spot that does not protrude above the surface. The shade and size of such a hemorrhage can be different.
  5. Mixed.

Depending on the type of bleeding , the type of disease and the tactics of its treatment are determined.

Features of the manifestation of the disease in children

Hemorrhagic diathesis causes

Hemorrhagic diathesis in children most often has a hereditary character. Its symptoms are as follows:

  • Unreasonable nosebleeds.
  • Hemorrhagic rash.
  • Bleeding gums at an early age during teething.
  • Pain in the joints, their deformation.
  • The presence of blood clots in the feces.
  • Retinal hemorrhage.

In newborn babies, pathology manifests itself already from the 2nd day of life. Additionally, they find bleeding from the umbilical wound. Having seen such symptoms, doctors should immediately take measures to save the life of the child.

Conservative therapy

Regardless of whether hemorrhagic diathesis is diagnosed in children or in adults, it is necessary to fight it.

Hemorrhagic diathesis treatment

Treatment involves the use of such drugs:

  1. Vitamin complexes. It is better to choose drugs with vitamin C, K, R.
  2. Drugs that improve vascular elasticity.
  3. Means for improving the function of blood coagulability ("Heparin").
  4. Hemostatic drugs.
  5. Glucocorticosteroids (Prednisolone). They are prescribed with a decrease in platelet mass. The duration of therapy sometimes reaches 4 months.

An emergency tourniquet requires a tourniquet or tight bandage. Sometimes a tamponade of the cavities is made, ice is applied to the site of the bleeding.

In addition, transfusion therapy is prescribed. Depending on the severity of the pathology, the patient is poured with plasma containing all coagulating factors, erythrocyte or platelet mass.

Surgical treatment

Hemorrhagic diathesis in children

Treatment of hemorrhagic diathesis can be not only conservative, but also operational. There are these types of surgical interventions:

  1. Splenectomy. This procedure will increase the life span of blood cells. This type of operation is necessary for significant uncontrolled bleeding.
  2. Puncture of affected joints to remove internal contents. Sometimes the articulation has to be replaced with a prosthesis (if irreversible changes, deformations).
  3. Removal of affected blood vessels. If necessary, prostheses are installed instead of them.

Surgical intervention is required only as a last resort. If the disease therapy is started on time, then the operation will not be needed.

Will alternative treatment help?

In addition to drugs for the treatment of this disease, folk remedies are used. They help strengthen blood vessels, improve blood count, improve immunity. However, the use of any decoctions or infusions requires prior coordination with your doctor.

Such recipes will be useful:

  1. In equal proportions, one should take yarrow, nettle, knotweed, leaves of the cuff and strawberries, nettles. Next, 8 g of the collection is poured with 400 ml of boiling water, infused for 15 minutes. After this, the liquid must be filtered and consumed 100 ml three times a day after meals.
  2. Chamomile oil. You can buy it at the pharmacy. It is enough to use 1 tbsp. l funds per day to replenish vitamin K in the body. Also, the oil restores the intestinal microflora.
  3. Lamb white. Tea is made from this herb. Need 1 tsp. pour dry raw materials into a cup and pour boiling water over it. To improve the taste of the liquid, you can add honey to it. For a good effect, you need to drink 3-4 cups of such a drink per day.
  4. The following herbs are used to control the blood coagulation system for hemophilia: stigmas of corn (100 g), succession (50 g), shepherd's bag (50 g), intoxicating rabbit (100 g), burlap (100 g), viburnum flowers (50 g ), hawk grass (50 g). 1 tbsp. l the specified collection pour 350 ml of boiling water and cook for 10 minutes over low heat. Next, the liquid must be cooled and consumed the entire volume in three doses. Drinking the medicine is recommended after eating. The course of therapy lasts until the onset of complete remission.
  5. In equal proportions they take St. John's wort, clover, yarrow, alder, blackberry leaves and chamomile flowers, after which the mixture is poured with boiling water (4 ml of the mixture needs 200 ml of boiling water). Insist the broth for 3 hours. They drink the drug in 1/3 cup 4 times a day after meals.

Basically, the course of therapy lasts 2 months, after which a break is made for 14 days. If necessary, it is repeated.

Folk remedies can not be considered suitable for monotherapy. With their help, it will not be possible to completely get rid of the disease. Drugs can also not be abandoned, since often the life of the patient depends on them. However, in combination, medicines and folk remedies will give a good result and improve the quality of human life.

Possible complications

Hemorrhagic diathesis clinical recommendations

Hemorrhagic diathesis is a serious pathology that can lead to the following complications:

  • Chronic iron deficiency anemia.
  • Numbness and paralysis of limbs, other parts of the body.
  • Significant weakening of the immune system.
  • HIV infection, hepatitis virus (with frequent transfusion of blood or serum components).
  • Damage to the joints, which leads to their immobilization.
  • Internal bleeding in various parts of the brain.

If bleeding cannot be controlled, then the pathology often ends in death.

Prevention

Prevention of hemorrhagic diathesis provides for compliance with the following recommendations:

  1. Periodically take blood tests and undergo a routine medical examination.
  2. Carefully plan your pregnancy with a preliminary visit to a geneticist.
  3. Refuse alcohol and tobacco, as bad habits negatively affect blood and blood vessels.
  4. Eat well.
  5. Use any medications as prescribed by the doctor, observing the correct dosage.
  6. Avoid damage to large vessels, as well as prolonged immobilization.

To prevent pathology, it is important to avoid traumatic brain injury. If the mutation of the genes provoked diathesis, then the patient will have to follow the recommendations above all his life.

Lifestyle

The congenital form of the disease can have both a positive and a negative prognosis. It all depends on the severity of the disease, the features of the functionality of the hematopoietic and coagulation systems.

When making such a diagnosis, a person should be registered at the center of hematology and be monitored. Periodically, the patient is required to donate blood for tests and take medications prescribed by specialists. When carrying out potentially dangerous manipulations, he must inform the medical personnel.

Relatives and relatives of the patient are required to know how to provide first aid in emergency cases. With all the recommendations of doctors, the prognosis for most patients with such a disease is favorable.


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